Examine The Sociological Views

There have been numerous adjustments in the public eye that have influenced youngsters in the course of the most recent 50 years, anyway there are a few diverse sociological perspectives on whether these progressions have been valuable to kids or not. Functionalist sociologists have the ‘march of progress’ see, as they accept that the experience of youth has enormously improved in the course of the most recent 50 years. They accept that society is more youngster focused today than any other time in recent memory before.The acquaintance of contraception has driven with couples having littler families, consequently implying that kids currently will in general get more consideration from their folks. Thus, guardians are additionally ready to think about their youngsters better because of the presentation of the government assistance state and kid benefits. Climbie’s case and ‘Every Child Matters’ has prompted the improvement of social administrations and kid assurance, which means youth is a lot more secure now than it was 50 years ago.Children are likewise in better wellbeing because of the NHS, which means more kids endure youth now than any time in recent memory. All kids would now be able to get state training up until the age of 18, which means they are better taught and can accomplish a lot higher in adulthood, while encountering a more drawn out time of youth. These progressions have improved the experience of adolescence and cause Functionalists to accept that things are showing signs of improvement. In any case, Marxist and Feminist sociologists deviate, guaranteeing that the walk of progress see is too positive.They accept that a child’s experience of adolescence relies upon their group, ethnicity and sex, and that Functionalists ignore the disparities between these components. This is known as the ‘conflict’ see. Class affects youth as by and large if a family is poor, the youngsters are bound to have a poor childhood. Ethnicity is found to have an impact as Asian guardians have been seen as a lot stricter on their children.

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay A dangerous atmospheric devation is a natural issue that is right now accepted to be influencing the Earths condition. A worldwide temperature alteration is the continuous increment of the Earths air temperature. It is brought about by the Greenhouse Effect, which is the speculation of warmth in Earths climate by specific gases, similar to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This regulation of the gases holds the warmth in the Earths air since it permits the light from the sun to go through, however it ingests the warmth radiated again from the Earths surface. Cell breath adds to the issue of an unnatural weather change, in light of the fact that through its procedures it takes in oxygen gas and afterward breathes out carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis assists with forestalling this issue, however, on the grounds that it does something contrary to cell breath; it takes in carbon dioxide and afterward yields oxygen gas (O2). Cell breath is the way toward oxidizing certain food atoms, similar to glucose, to create carbon dioxide and water. There are three primary procedures inside cell breath: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Each procedure assumes a huge job in gathering vitality from the food atoms and delivering ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a high vitality particle that is utilized for vitality devouring exercises all through cells. Cell breath happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, too. Glycolysis is the catabolism of sugars by explicit proteins with the release of vitality and assembling of pyruvic (or lactic) corrosive. It happens in the cytosol of a cell, in contrast to the next two procedures of cell breath. Glycolysis can happen without oxygen, which is called aging, yet since this method doesnt yield a high measure of vitality it isnt as commonsense as the high-impact process. Glycolysis phosphorylates the glucose by adding two phosphates to the atom to the detriment of two ATP particles; the glucose is then part into two 3-carbon mixes, and the 3-carbon particles experience a progression of various strides to create pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA is formed from the pyruvate, which at that point enters the second procedure of cell breath, the Krebs cycle. In contrast to glycolysis, the Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondria of a cell. The Krebs cycle is a progression of procedures that completely oxidizes the Acetyl-CoA particle. The cycle must be finished multiple times to yield four carbon dioxide particles, six NADH atoms, two ATP atoms, and two FADH2 particles. The Krebs cycle expects oxygen to be available to happen, making it vigorous. The strategy following the Krebs cycle is the electron transport chain, which comprises of a progression of unique compound proteins that bus electrons from NADH to a terminal electron acceptor, for example, oxygen (McGraw-Hill, 2006). Through a progression of redox responses, a slope is shaped , and, besides, ATP is delivered. These procedures exhibit the inward functions of cell breath, and show how it utilizes oxygen and emits carbon dioxide. The exhalation of carbon dioxide during cell breath is blended into the air, adding to the effectively present sum inside the air. Carbon dioxide is a fundamental element for ozone harming substance, which not permit warmth to escape from the Earths environment. For whatever length of time that living life forms experience breath (the digestion of sugars to create vitality for fundamental metabolic needs), or as creatures pass on and break down, carbon mixes will be separated and are going to include CO2Â to the environment (Barbalace, 2006). Photosynthesis has a remarkable inverse impact. By word reference definition, photosynthesis is theâ synthesisâ ofâ organicâ compoundsâ fromâ carbon dioxide and water (with the arrival of oxygen) utilizing light vitality consumed by chlorophyll. The general response that happens during photosynthesis is that six water atoms are added to six carbon dioxide particles to yield glucose and six oxygen atoms. Photosynthesis as a rule happens in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Carbon dioxide enters the leaves of plants through stomata, which are minusculeâ orifices inâ theâ epidermisâ ofâ leaves, and oxygen gas exits out of a similar path. There are two principle parts of photosynthesis, the light reliant responses and the Calvin cycle. The previous expects light to work, while the last are light autonomous, or dim, responses. In the light reliant responses, the vitality got from light is changed into vitality that is conveyed by electrons; the electrons are then gotten byâ ele ctron transport systems,â that utilize the vitality to deliver ATP and another atom called NADPH. Those two items are utilized in the following procedure of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. In this cycle, carbon dioxide is incorporated into a five carbon particle that is called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), and afterward in a progression of compound responses, hydrogens and electrons from the NADPH are logically added to frame a simple, vitality rich, phosphorylated sugar called GP3, or PGAL (Decelles, 2002). These items are then used to make glucose, among different sugars. This showcases how photosynthesis adjusts the particles of carbon dioxide atoms and water particles to make new sugars, which plants at that point use to gracefully their cells with vitality. Photosynthesis changes over the crude materials of CO2 and H2O into oxygen gas, which benefits the environment and assists with hindering a worldwide temperature alteration. It reuses the carbon dioxide cell breath emanate s into a particle that is not, at this point an ozone harming substance constituent. An unnatural weather change itself is an incredibly dubious subject. A couple accept that it doesn't represent a genuine issue, albeit a considerable amount of accept that it does. An unnatural weather change is the attestation that nature of Earth is gradually warming up, and therefore, the life forms possessing it will inevitably be significantly influenced. The Greenhouse Effect is the thing that happens when warmth is caught, and increments when more warmth vitality is enhanced. When discussing a dangerous atmospheric devation, the nursery impact is set in the parameter of Earths environment. The nursery impact happens planet wide when sun oriented radiation either bobs off of or is transmitted forward from the Earth, and as opposed to going through the climate and outward into space, is consumed by a wide range of additional measures of and incidental gases and particles (The Greenhouse Effect, 2010). Cell breath adds to the superfluous gases, while photosynthesis assists with f orestalling the developing sums, albeit different wellsprings of carbon dioxide are diminishing the photosynthetic responses influence. At a certain point, the contamination of carbon dioxide from cell breath and the change of carbon dioxide into oxygen gas were apparently equivalent. A kind of balance was reached between the two procedures, with photosynthesis seeming to counteract the apparently destructive impacts of cell breath. Starting at as of late, however, synthetic contamination has been influencing our air, including more carbon dioxide into the ozone alongside that produced from cell breath. The essential driver of a worldwide temperature alteration is carbon dioxide discharges; carbon dioxide is being siphoned into our air at an alarmingly face pace; eight billion tons of carbon dioxide entered the air simply last year.â (Causes of Global Warming, 2010). It doesn't help that trees are being cleaved down for logging, improvement, and different purposes, so there is less carbon dioxide being expelled from the environment, making its levels rise. There is more carbon dioxide being discharged into the air than is being changed over into oxygen through photosynthetic responses. This inconsistent arrival of gasses into the Earths climate is the thing that represents the ecological issue of a worldwide temperature alteration. The Earth was worked to continue the impacts of cell breath, however petroleum derivatives unnecessarily being scorched, trees being chopped down, and cell breath produce an excessive amount of carbon dioxide for the Earth to reuse.

How to Write Proposal Essay Outline

How to Write Proposal Essay Outline A proposal essay is one of the least frequently assigned academic papers, but one that you are likely to be assigned at least once over the years spent at college. A proposal essay differs from other papers in that it has some non-academic value: if you learn to introduce your proposals and support their feasibility with evidence and calculations, you are likely to use this skill extensively in your professional life. Even in everyday interactions, being able to lobby your proposals is a skill worth having. In this article, we’d like to go over the fundamentals of compiling the proposal essay outline, as well as provide some recommendations on writing the paper in general. What is a proposal essay? A proposal essay is exactly what it seems to be â€" a paper in which you make a proposal or offer a solution to a problem, providing information that proves that such proposal or solution are worth considering. Proposals are used quite frequently in business and economic circles, so you will do good by acquiring this skill while still at college. A proposal paper is not that different from the rest, but it does have some distinctive features to accommodate the very nature of proposal writing. Get ready for writing Before you even start outlining your paper, take some time to go over preparation steps. Know who you are writing for and what they will expect This step should not be omitted even if your audience is just the professor who assigned this paper. You know the person who will be reading your work â€" what will they expect? How will they evaluate the feasibility of your proposal? Take time to recall and note down all the possible requirements that might be set to your paper, even if they haven’t been included in the prompt. And of course, if you are writing for a business audience, it will be a much, MUCH more important step to take. Do the background research Even before you start digging deeper to justify the proposal you’re making, it is important to get to know the field and industry you are writing about. This is known as background research â€" gathering information that you need to have to decide where to dig deeper. You can try skipping this step, but it will hardly benefit you in the long run. Proposal components Generally, the proposal you are making should include a few elements: A proposal of a specific action that is designed to solve a certain problem of your audience Reasons why the problem is significant and how your proposal will help to solve it (evidence) Possible counterarguments to your proposal and their refutation In non-academic circles, a proposal can be accompanied with a cover letter that introduces such proposal to the person receiving it. Helpful tip If you are free to choose the problem that your proposal should address, try going with a relatively small issue. Global problems require more efforts and research to solve, and your college paper can accommodate only so much. Besides, the narrower you go, the more specific your solution will be. Generally, the more details your proposal paper provides, the better, so don’t get tempted with the global overpopulation issue and the like. Choosing outline for proposal essay Only general recommendations can be given here, as more specific requirements will be set by the person assigning a proposal essay or the organization accepting it. Generally, you should include the following general chapters: Introduction This chapter is designed to describe how your proposal was developed, as well as introduce the subject. Some universities may require you to keep the description of the problem to a minimum of one sentence. Others allow a more detailed description. As in many other papers, the introduction serves to underline the significance of the problem and to tell your readers why they should care at all. The attention hook should also be used to draw your readers into reading from the very first sentence. The brief description of your proposal will serve as a thesis statement to build all the other chapters on. Proposal Plan of Action In this chapter, describe your solution in maximum detail. It can be useful to include the following information: related expenditure (how much will it cost to implement what you are proposing?); responsible persons (who will have to work to implement it and who will be controlling it?); the difficulty of implementation (how many stages of implementation will there be?); the timeframe of implementation (how long will it take?); the resources required for implementation. In describing the steps to take, don’t forget to explain how they are related and how taking one measure will lead to the necessity of taking another one. Your proposal should be a cohesive set of measures, an algorithm, even if the measures might seem random at the first glance. Make sure to address possible problems that might occur on the way and specify ways to address them. It will illustrate your in-depth research of the issue at hand. Predicted Outcomes In this chapter, provide a more detailed overview of how the problem will be solved. How will the results obtained contribute into resolution exactly? Conclusion refutation of opposing points of view Sum up your proposed solution and call out other proposals, stating why yours is more effective. Do not add any new information, simply revisit the points you have already offered. Bibliography Include the works you have cited directly or those that you used for developing your proposal and cite them according to the selected style. Final Thoughts The key criteria that will be used to evaluate your proposal is how well you know the issue you are writing about. That’s why you’ll have to do extensive research on the topic. Solutions to problems that might seem to be lying on the surface must have already been offered, and if you go with one of the obvious solutions, it will prove your lack of information. When writing outline for proposal essay and then writing the first draft, be specific, dig deeper, and provide as many details as possible â€" this is the only right algorithm of writing a decent proposal paper.

The Lottery Fictional Story About a Very Peculiar Village - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 720 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Lottery Essay Did you like this example? The villagers have a lottery yearly in which one individual in the village is chosen to be stoned by the rest of the town including friends, family, and foe. Jackson portrays the lottery as a welcomed practice. Jackson uses a black box, Old Man Warner, and Tessie Hutchinson as a symbolic reference to blind humans following meaningless traditions. In The Lottery there is a black box in which they draw a name out each time the lottery takes place. The box represents tradition of the lottery and the villagers loyalty to it. In the story it is mentioned that the box is shabby and worn out, but the villagers refuse to break tradition and get a new box. Mrs summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one like to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. (Jackson), There is no reason to keep the black box. It is a tradition of the villagers to use the black box, thus making it something they will always follow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Lottery: Fictional Story About a Very Peculiar Village" essay for you Create order The lottery is a important tradition to the townspeople that they do every year. Jackson writes The rest of the year, the box was put away sometimes one place, sometimes another If the lottery was such a important event to the villagers, why would they put the box in such strange places? This influences the reader to think that the other 364 days of the year the villagers are trying to forget the horrific savage thing they did to someone. The person that is elected could be your mom, brother, or even your best friend. Yet they choose to participate. Old man Warner is seventy-seven years of age, which means he has participated for all those years, but he does not want to stop. He symbolizes the older generation who resist change. At the mention of other villagers not participating, Old Man Warner rambles off Pack of crazy fools listening to the young folks, nothing is good enough for them. Next thing you know, theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live hat way for a while. Used to be a saying about lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. First thing you know, wed all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There will always be a lottery Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody. The reader can assume that Old Man Warner is just resistant to change, and is just close minded about changing the way he does things and how he does not want to change tradition. Tessie hutchinson is a symbol of the masses of people who never question injustices in todays society until it applies to them. Tessie was always a follower of the lottery up until one of her family members were chosen. Tesssie mentioned that she had almost forgot the lottery clean forgot what day it was and I looked out the window and the kids were gone, and I remembered it was the twenty seventh and came running. Tessie had always participated in the lottery she never even imaged she could be chosen. it has become such a normal thing to her that she completely forgot about the day of the lottery. Once Tessie family was chosen she quietly says I think we ought to start over I tell you it wasnt fair. Tessie seemed happy to participate in the lottery before she was the chosen one. This makes her a hypocrite. When Tessie is on her death bed about to be stoned, she keeps protesting its not fair. Tessies husband the says Shut up, Tessie So you can infer that Bill Hutchinson is embarrasse d by Tessies protest because it would break the tradition of the lottery. The black box is a symbol of death. Tessie Hutchinson is a symbol of the people who blindly follow traditions, until it pertains to them. Old Man Warner is a symbol of the older generations resistance to change. Th point of Jacksons writing is to inform the reader about how what humans do just because it is what they know and are used too. Tradition was a perfect example because not only is there barbaric traditions like this on, but the people are continuing these traditions blindly.

Church Of Lukumibabalu Aye Vs City Of Hialeah Willis

Church of LukumiBabalu Aye vs City of Hialeah Willis, 1 Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah: Right to Free Exercise Nathaniel Willis Liberty High School AP Government 2A Church of LukumiBabalu Aye v. city of Hialeah was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving the Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, a practicing congregation of the Santeria religion, and the city of Hialeah, Florida. The congregation had bought property in the city in order to build a sanctuary for ritual services (of which include animal sacrifice). The Christian residents of the town brought their concerns of the religion?s practices before the town council, which enacted ordinances 87-40 and 87-52 (Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v City of Hialeah (91-948), 1993). These ordinances banned animal sacrifice within city limits, stating the practice was ?inconsistent with public morals, peace, or safety? (Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (91-948), 1993).After suing the city, the congregation encountered difficulties as the District Court (and later the Appellate Court) ruled in favor of the city. The case was further appealed and heard by the Supreme Court on July 11, 1993, two years aft er Employment Division v. Smith (Chicago-Kent College of Law, 2015), which similarly dealt with a minority religion suing on the grounds of a violation of the First Amendment. In Employment Division, the court favored the Employment Division of Oregon because the laws passed by the state

And Still We Rise †Essay Free Essays

If you had different hardships in your life would you be a different person? The answer is most likely yes. A person’s character is based upon the experiences they have been through. â€Å"Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents which in prosperous circumstances would have lain dormant,† –Horace. We will write a custom essay sample on And Still We Rise – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"And Still We Rise† by Miles Corwin, Corwin shares the lives of inner city kids who still strive to succeed and go to college although the circumstances they are dealt with have told them otherwise. Some of the kids that dealt with bad hands were Toya, Olivia, and Willie. The struggles that they went through are impetuous. Growing up, Toya never knew her biological father. Instead she lived with her mom and stepfather. Toya would often see the two arguing and eventually it came to her stepfather beating her mother up on his drinking binges. Finally her mother getting so tired of this abuse grabbed her two daughters and took shelter. Although, once Toya’s mother could not afford the nightly shelter fee she arranged for her girls and herself to stay with a friend. When she went home one day to get the girls’ clothes her husband strangled her to death. Toya walked in the bathroom to find her mother dead on the floor. After the murder of her mother, Toya and her sister were sent to a group home and later to their aunt’s house. Toya was sexually abused by her stepfather who had a huge effect on her. She later became pregnant and gave birth to a boy during her junior year. This ruined a lot for her in school. She was now going to study at home, return to high school the next year and attend college. â€Å"I didn’t have time to think about tomorrow. I had to survive today,† (47). Her plans were completely ruined when both her aunt and cousin kicked her out. She could not graduate from high school but instead got her GED and will attend college with the help of her church. Like Toya, Willie’s parents were divorced. Willie lived with his mother and siblings until she was arrested. His mother had an addiction to cocaine and often left her children home for long periods of time. They were then separated into several different houses never to live with together again. Willie ended up living with his dad who was constantly working. He strived in school because he didn’t want to end up like his parents. One afternoon Willie saw his mother passed out in a yard in the neighborhood. When things went wrong, all Willie could do was cry and be sad because he really had no one to turn to. Later in the year, Willie became homecoming king which symbolized to him that he did not let the past reflect the way he would end up. â€Å"Being named homecoming king was a powerful symbol to him that his past had not defined him nor deterred him from success,† (244). He finished high school and later went to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia for business. Willie did not let what his mother did or the lack of authority affect his success in going to college and quitting the cycle of his parents. From the beatings her mother gave her to going AWOL after hating foster homes, Olivia’s life was far from perfect. When Olivia was a teenager she was a ward of the county, hopping from one group home to another. Other girls would steal her clothes and chase her around with a hot iron. She went AWOL shortly after that, living in her own apartment, having a crazy work schedule, that was just her life. Whenever she had financial issues she would return to her social worker and yet again be put into a foster home. One time she went AWOL though and couldn’t afford rent anymore, she was going to drop out of high school, when her counselor, Braxton, convinced her otherwise. â€Å"I don’t think God make you do good, or the devil makes you do evil. In the end it’s up to you,† Olivia said one day in English class (Corwin 43). Unfortunately, Olivia didn’t always make the right choices. She was caught forging a check, but because she does not have any parents she was sent to jail to serve time. This all happened during Olivia’s senior year so she couldn’t take her AP exam but was allowed to finish high school. She was released from jail in time for college and went. She is now doing extremely well and helping kids in group homes every Saturday morning. Through hard times, good times will shine through. These kids were given such difficult lives and it was their decision to do what that wanted with their lives. It is a lot harder to succeed when you have so much hate around you, but a lot of these students decided to persevere and make a better life for themselves. â€Å"Remember the past. Cherish the present. Conquer the future,† (398). Those were the encouraging words of Danielle, who was the valedictorian, during graduation. If everyone could just remember that saying, it would be a better world and all those hard trials would all be worth it. How to cite And Still We Rise – Essay, Essays

Virtual Learning Environment free essay sample

1.) INTRODUCTION The issue of integration of technology into the teaching process is a crucial part of future development in the teaching and learning process. The benefits that accrue to students in universities and other learning institutions using e-learning are well documented. Over the past years in majority of countries, academic institutions and other institutions of higher learning have been diversifying in delivery of instruction to learners through internet media. These internet media include Virtual Learning Environment system (VLEs), online classrooms and asynchronous distance learning amongst other growing educational technologies. Learner-centered instructional techniques help students connect with new knowledge and information to what they already know, to increase and improve on the quality of education they already have and also to seek meaningful knowledge and evaluate their own thinking processes. In addition, the internet provides possible benefits such as new methods of communication, flexible access to resources and different methods of assessing lecturers and students. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Learning Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, for lecturers, formulating internet resources that are appealing, educationally sound, stimulating and easy to use is often time consuming and involves considerable expertise. The applications of VLEs assist lecturers to formulate resources faster and it does not require development of technical skills. Typically, the application of VLEs enables the users to easily upload their materials and resources, offers an integrated set of internet tools and provides a consistent look and feel that can be customized by the user. Therefore, the employment of technology to support learning is largely prevailed by the use of VLEs. A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software program devised to facilitate instructors in the management of courses for their students. It aims at helping students and teachers with course administration. It can also track the student’s progress which can be monitored by both the learners and instructors. VLEs are mostly viewed as being helpful in distance learning but in practice they are equally beneficial in supplementing face-to-face classroom. In this paper, the main concern will how technology has been used in EFL teaching. EFL (English as a Foreign Language) courses among a variety of other courses offered in institutions of higher education, have witnessed changes in the recent years which include high enrollment rates, increasing  diversity of students and less resources. In addition, EFL courses are likely to be enrolling students who are mature, possessing other qualifications other than the already existing A-levels or at times studying part time. These students have different backgrounds, preferences and skills in the way they learn. Moreover, these students have expectations of studying current and new trends in technology. VLEs can provide EFL students and their instructors a wide and flexible accessibility to resources and materials in accordance with the changes in technology. This is particularly advantageous to students studying on a part time basis. Motivating and engaging EFL students pose a great challenge to their lecturers. VLEs can help solve this problem by putting together up-to-date, interactive and interesting electronic resources besides additional supporting resources and materials. VLEs can open up opportunities for new methods of communication and learning, and also support collaborative learning as well as independent learning. In the United States, for example, the EFL population has been raising over the past years. Therefore, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) have come up with accessibility standards that will apply to EFL and ESL students. All EFL students should have access to services provided by their institutions, should be given appropriate curriculum, and have equitable and fair assessments. They should also be offered a positive learning environment. A majority of EFL tutors have chosen technology as an aid in meeting and satisfying the above standards. In EFL pedagogical issues are more common in the employment of technology. Pedagogical content knowledge focuses on the strategies used in teaching, that is, those strategies that bring about the best learning experience for every learner. It involves learning different teaching approaches that make the learning process more suitable to the students. In this case, the tutor should be flexible in adjusting instructions to cater for the various learning styles, interests and abilities. The major essence of pedagogical studies is to know how to best teach a concept so that the learners will receive the best learning experience. The different teaching approaches employed may differ from one tutor to the other. In EFL courses, teachers can use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge. This  is referred to as technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). The development of TPCK by tutors is crucial to effective teaching with technology. EFL teachers are emphasized in TPCK since they are viewed as autonomous agents with the power to significantly influence the integration of appropriate or inappropriate technology in teaching. The TPCK framework builds upon the work of Shulman (1987, 1986) by describing how a tutor’s understanding of pedagogical content knowledge and technology can interact with one another to bring up effective teaching with technology. In this TPCK model there are three basic components of knowledge which include; technology, pedagogy and technology. The interaction of these bodies of knowledge is equally essential to the model, which is represented as, technologica l content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge and technological pedagogical knowledge. The interaction of these models can be demonstrated in the figure below. 2.) THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF A VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN A UNIVERSITY VLE allows students and lecturers to interact freely without any time and location barriers. This enhances collaboration and communication among the individuals which builds a unique space where student cohorts develop into community and identity: a community of learners. Most case studies indicate that VLEs is particularly good at bringing individuals together to create what is generally referred to as a community of practice. VLEs enables the teacher to create an area where the students will interact through debates on the key areas of their studies, regardless of time zones and their physical location. 2.1) Benefits for student learning Virtual Learning Environment consists of a collection of integrated tools which enable student tracking, management of online learning, assessment, providing a delivery mechanism and access to resources. These tools can assist students in a number of ways. i. Communication First and foremost the tools support communication between the teachers and students, between the students themselves and across student groups through asynchronous online discussion boards and real-time or synchronous chats. Students can use these facilities to create new ideas and improve or build upon their existing knowledge through online discussions and debates. Other communication tools that can be employed include timetables, calendars and diaries. These tools provide information on key issues of the course such as reminders about submission dates for assignments, TV or radio programs to listen to or watch and additional meetings whether face-to-face or online. In some cases, VLE may contain email facilities that enable communication on a one-to-one basis or on a one-to-many basis. This is advantageous since it keeps messages about the course separate from other email communications. ii. AssessmentVLEs contain tools for summative and formative assessment. For instance, self-tests can be used by students to test their understanding of basic course concepts. Quizzes, on the other hand, can provide guidance for both the student and the tutor; results can highlight key areas that have not been fully understood by the students and those that the tutor should pay particular attention to in the later sessions. The feedback given by tutors is essential in helping students develop an understanding of a subject. iii. Enables students acquire computer-assisted learning materials There exists a wide range of interactive EFL simulations, materials and models freely on the web. One of the advantages of VLE is that they enable students to incorporate computer- assisted learning programs such as interactive tutorials or simulations into their course site. This assists in providing ready-made structures for the course materials. iv. Addition of links to the already existing online materials These facilities are especially useful in encouraging students to make good use of the current resources, read around their subject and develop research skills. Students can post links based on certain assigned sources or topics through the tutor, or through their discussion boards, or on their own web pages. This is very essential in developing and encouraging students’ research skills and in creating new materials that can be employed elsewhere. On the other hand, lecturers can post links that will enable the students to prepare for tutorials and lectures, and encourage students’ research into topics connected to project essays and work. When course materials are uploaded in VLE, cost of paper-based distribution to the students is adequately reduced. Students can  download the resources and view them offline or they can print them. Therefore, adequate printing facilities are an important success factor for the use of VLEs. However, according to Ramsay (2000), the use of the VLE as storage of course materials may not increase the students’ total learning experience. He considered a second-year undergraduate student in EFL and stated that there is need to include only the most important course materials in VLE and be precise on the main aim of including the material. The use of discussion boards for particular course materials can motivate students to reflect more on their contributions and also provide electronic records of the students’ contributions. However, students lack motivation to use and participate in discussion boards. The students’ participation can be improved by linking discussion board posting to the course assessment, embedding a discussion board into the activities of the course and finally limiting the life span of a discussion board activity. 2.2) Benefits for teacher instructionThe advantages for tutors using VLEs lies on the fact that they center on improving the learning experience and employing the tools within the VLE to help with the administration and management of the course. i. Administrative tools. Instructors can benefit from VLE using administrative tools. VLEs provide information to the tutor on how often the students accessed VLE course materials through the tracking tool. They can also provide information on when and what the students have read and done in the online discussion board. For those students who study through distance learning, the lecturer can be in a position to monitor if the students have been engaging in online communications and associated materials. ii. Collaboration and communication VLE provides lecturers an opportunity to encourage communication and collaboration. For example, VLE can provide a discussion board or a virtual space where staff, students and other learning specialties can interact, discuss, share ideas, learning and materials. Communication tools used in VLE usually include discussion boards which have the facility to share files, Noticeboards, e-mail and virtual chats. The establishment of a discussion board for a whole course can cut down on the number of questions for each individual student. This is because answers to one student’s questions are posted in the discussion board for all students to see. Although this is encouraging peer support, it is essential to consider how the board will be moderated and to set ground rules and regulations. iii. Active engagementIt is usually difficult to find a way and time to allow and ensure students’ active participation in face-to-face sessions. In online discussion boards, the lecturer can help students to engage more actively in the course and with the learning process at a place and time that is convenient to both the lecturer and the student. This is of specific importance to part-time students. It is often difficult to form groups of the part-time students and full-time students studying the same course especially when it requires face-to-face meetings. Therefore, VLEs are an important place for the two groups to discuss and interact freely without any inconveniences and without the necessity for physical meetings. iv. Signposting Teachers can support the collaboration and communication among students in the VLE by making specific signposting and making a variety of up-to-date data, multimedia and online materials accessible for students. This could include web-links, web resources, the institution’s online library materials, online articles, searchable online database or even graphics. The materials could also be developed by the lecturer, for example, diagrams, lecturer’s notes and images. These materials are linked to other online activities in VLE which benefit those students who conduct intensive studies, those who need additional support and for those who are willing to study at higher levels. v. Saving time  VLEs enables tutors to save time since much time would be lost through students copying complicated diagrams and references; these materials are transferred to the VLE. It also reduces the time and costs associated with photocopying. vi. Posting course information and course material s The most convenient and straightforward way for teachers to ensure that  students access course materials such as handouts, reading lists, assignment details, lecture slides and marks whenever they want, is to avail them through the VLE. The lecturers can periodically upload course materials into the VLE, which functions as a course archive. VLEs also have announcement facilities where the instructors can post updates and announcements. Whenever a student logs into the program, they will automatically receive the updates and the latest announcements. This makes communication of course arrangements flexible especially for the working and part-time students. 2.3) other benefitsVLEs can be linked either through a web link or directly to other online learning tools which are not part of VLE tools. These may offer further functionality such as Write Note which is a referencing tool for students. This software is contained in the Write Note sever but can be linked to online discussion and course resources. In addition VLEs can connect directly with the university’s library or learning center. 3.) IMPLEMENTING VLEs IN A UNIVERSITY A majority of institutions of higher learning across the world are investing in implementing VLEs in their organizations to support the teaching and learning process. However, without an effective implementation, the overall objectives and benefits of VLEs may not be achieved. Hence, the universities should ensure the development of well-designed strategy for the successful implementation of an effective VLE. Implementation of VLEs in any university has been essential since; i. It improves and enhances the students experience ii. It provides great consistency across courses or modules iii. It also provides harmony across delivery systems. 3.1) The model For the implementation of VLE in any organization, A. Holzl suggests a system model for a holistic approach. His model is derived from the metaphor of the â€Å"fire triangle†. This metaphor states that the fire triangle is made up of three elements or sides, that is, oxygen, heat source and fuel. Without any of the elements the fire cannot continue or start. Holzl’s triangle for implementing a VLE in a university consists of; a) Training and development b) Infrastructure c) Organizational culture Infrastructure, in the case of VLE, refers to the IT software and hardware which provides access to the students and staff which have to access or create the environment. Training and development include the students and the academic staff being trained to ensure that they have the appropriate knowledge and information literacy. Finally, organizational culture which is the most important and the one that is often ignored includes attitudes and personal models of learning, policies, organizational climate, assessment and grading system, staff rewards among many others. All these elements stated above either encourage staff and students for implementing VLEs or punish them and create barriers for participating. Most universities invest heavily and pay particular attention on the first two and do little or nothing on the last one. Like a fire triangle, for successful implementation of VLEs in a university there must be equal, coordinated and integrated investment in all three elements of the proposed model. This is an organizational development approach (OD). Most universities have a staff development department but very few universities have an organizational development department. 3.2) Case studiesIn literature, there are several studies and research papers that have been developed to discuss the experience of implementing e-learning in a number of universities around the world. There are not many but they can form a starting point to discuss the effect and experience of implementing e-learning in a university. Beastall and Walker discussed an implementation program of the VLE at York University (UK) based on the change management approach. This program involved a four-year cycle of pilot projects and evaluation ending up in a full availability rollout at the end of the four years. These researchers explained that for a successful implementation of a change management, there should be clear strategic top-down management which should be combined with bottom-up active involvement in order to successfully implement change that focuses on the needs of the students. Sharpe et al. explains the implementation of e-learning at Oxford Brookes  University. The implementation plan focused on the levers used to ensure sustainable embedding and effective uptake. In their strategy, the main focus was the participation of academic schools in employing a range of changing practices. They established that the key factors included: flexibility in practices of schools and institutions that enable them to contextualize their plans for change and the facilitation of user groups that offer staff and students opportunities to voice their views about e-learning. Beckton discussed the adoption of the VLE at Lincoln University, UK. He mentioned that the resistance offered by academic staff and students in the adoption of change could be remedied through the creation of a specialized development unit. The first task of this unit was to increase awareness on the use of the VLE and its advantages across the university. He claimed that the greatest success in implementation of VLE could be achieved by focusing on the needs of the users of the system. The main point of concern should be focusing on what the users of the system required and give them the opportunity to express those needs instead of developing a system focusing on what it can do for them. In summary, according to these case studies, the implementation of VLE in a university requires careful strategic planning in order to prepare the users and ensure their commitment to proper and efficient use of the system. 3.3) Trials and potential difficultiesMost organizational changes are unsuccessful due to different forms of resistance. For example, some individuals in the organization may be against implementation of the VLE. Therefore, it becomes necessary to identify why individuals resist change. People are most essential assets in any organization and hence their commitment can be the main factor in determining the successful and effective implementation of any IT project. For the implementation team, it is important for them to know the reasons behind the resistance and this could help them in planning to address the issues so as to overcome the resistance. In literature and theory, there are several reasons behind the resistance in the adoption of VLE or any other form of e-learning in an institution of higher learning. According to Goolnik, some of them include; i. Academic faculty may feel that they have less control over their working lives than before. ii. Some of tutors feel that it might lower the quality of the courses. iii. They are afraid of the ownership and intellectual property rights of the resources produced. iv. Some fear for lack of official recognition for the work done under the new technologies. v. There is deficiency in IT skills and also lack of time.vi. Some lecturers feel that getting involved with e-learning and VLE is not part of their role. Salmon argued that resistance may occur because the employment of VLEs in a university involves the migration away from the traditional teaching practices and most of the faculties prefer to preserve their familiar and existing pedagogical practices. Some individuals may be instant adopters of new technology while others may be short-term, long-term or they may never use the VLE. It is therefore imperative to consider each type of individual and formulate the best practice to overcome any possible resistance. Resistance can be overcome by involving the academic staff in the development and designi ng of the e-learning system such as a VLE and also in the understanding of the need for change. It is essential for them to understand their roles which will ensure their commitment and involvement. Most senior managers expect cooperation from their workers which is the main cause of resistance in most universities. According to Sharma et al. resistance can be decreased by; educating the stakeholders and workforce on the importance of e-learning; allowing the affected individuals to contribute in the implementation process and also bargaining with the external and internal stakeholders. Finally, resistance is the key failure of most e-learning projects in most universities; therefore, learning its main causes could lead to a better planning and a successful implementation of the VLE. 4.) A STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTION AT UNIVERSITY OF HAIL, SAUDI ARABIA The University of Hail is already using CIT in the department of English as a Foreign Language. A large number of teaching materials are obtained on internal webpages and e-mail lists are commonly used to communicate with students. One member of the academic staff usually updates the intranet on behalf of the other academics. However, there is a need to implement VLE in the university. For successful implementation of VLE in the university of Hail, the proposed framework should follow a proactive approach. Evidence shows that institutions that apply the proactive or practical approach in the implementation of VLE experience fewer problems  and are in most cases successful compared to those who apply the reactive approach. In a practical approach, the team deals with unwanted problems proactively and hence enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. The framework is composed of multiple tasks or strategies that ensure s uccessful implementation of VLE in the university. The figure below illustrates the visual presentation of the framework.i. Analysis of the institutional context When planning for any change program, it is important to take the institution context into consideration. The institution strategies and goals should be critically analyzed in terms of its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and the change tactics are then advanced. At this stage it is essential to work at the departmental level and develop commitment and ownership by involving departmental heads and other senior managers. One should make them aware of best practices that already exist. ii. Sufficiency of resources. Availability of resources is very crucial in the implementation of e-learning. Deficiency of infrastructure and human resources may impede implementation of VLE in a university. These resources also include support and training funding. iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff VLEs should be backed with the language of the academic staff and students in the university. Language barrier could hinder the appropriate use of the VLE. Intercultural particularities should be taken into consideration when selecting VLE basic language to be applied. At a relatively low cost, electronic conversion tools could also be installed to convert the learning resources that have been created from one language to another. The calendar should also be considered as one of the intercultural problems from different countries use different calendar formats, for example, lunar and solar calendar formats. iv. Getting people support and ownership Individual tutors’ motives must be well understood and addressed to other individuals. This is because, resistance to change is expected and therefore preparations must be considerably sufficient to enable individuals realizing changes gradually. This task can be done in two different stages, that is; a) Creation of the user coalition group that covers all stakeholders It is important for a user group to be established so as to cater for the balance between organizational, technical and pedagogical consideration in the entire university. This group should comprise of representatives from all interested sectors such as senior management, technical team, students, academic staff from all departments taking part, and registration staff. Involving the group’s feedback in the planning of the system could give an excellent view of the problems that may arise and how to solve them. b) Design training programs to empower people to effect change A comprehensive program that entails workshops, training programs and seminars should be developed with the help of the human resource department of the university. This helps to equip staff and students with the required IT skills. Introductory courses should be offered on how to use VLE such as creating content; using different tools; creating and contributing in discussion boards. This will enable planning for VLE to be integrated into the university system. c) Creation of the change agents team to communicate the change vision Change agents should be selected out of the user coalition group whose main function will be managed and facilitate change in the university. They should educate students and staff on the importance of VLE and also plan and monitor the implementation. The team should constantly communicate with top management in order to always gain their support and approval. They also need to communicate constantly the new strategies and visions and sell the VLE to the suitable addresses. The major objective of establishment of a change team is to ensure that as many people as possible are optimistic towards change. Successful adoption of VLE in a university can be achieved by channeling communication through channels such as opinion leaders and change agents instead of channeling from formalized, distanced recommendations from the management. d) Increasing the awareness of the selected VLEAfter designing the training programs, staff and students should be encouraged to undertake personal VLE training that should cover content development, IT skills so as to fully develop their understanding of the VLE. Training should comprise of transformation of academic practice in the collaborative development and sharing of teaching and learning resources. Its main objectives should be skills development, personalized learning pathways and student focused activities via online involution of students and teachers. Support and training available to students and staff is crucial for the successful implementation of a VLE. v. Setting of clear targetsIn the establishment of change in any organization, it is important to set quantitative assessment benchmarks and measures. In the establishment of VLE, the easiest attainable target could be that all courses offered in a university could have some kind of web presence of a particular date. However, such a target could result in encouraging students and staff to use the VLE for their own sake but not promoting them to employ VLE in improving their experience and knowledge. Other measures could be introduced, for example, content oriented measure or interaction oriented measures. In interaction oriented measures, rate of involvement in discussion boards and forums or frequency of announcement la id could be employed. In content oriented targets, the content placed by the tutor could be measured such as placement of lecture notes, objectives of the course and of the resources placed and placement of table of contents among others. vi. Establishing VLE help desk Help desks should be established so as to provide technical assistance to students and academic staff who experience any difficulties in the employed of VLEs. vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university The implementation of the VLE system in a university should be conducted in a gradual manner. This helps in controlling support services, assess feedback procedures and control the pace of the rollout of the system. The implementation should start in colleges where the use of IT is maturing. This enables the administrators of the system to try out the system, to identify any problems or bottlenecks that arise and report such issues to the implementation team. 5.) CONCLUSION The objective of this paper was to formulate a review of learning styles in Virtual Learning Environments employed in the teaching of English as a  Foreign Language. The following conclusions were made. VLE has to be functional and clear so as to obtain the best learning results. If there are multiple courses in the VLE they should be unified to get easy and simple access to course information and learning resources. Technology can be effectively employed in EFL studies. EFL studies have recently been experiencing large numbers of student enrollment, increasing diversity of students and less resources. The EFL population has also raised over the past years in the majority of countries in the world. Hence, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The tutors have opted to use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge that will simplify their work load. Finally for the successful implementation of a VLE in University of Hail Saudi Arabia, the implementation strategy should follow a proactive approach. The following strategies should be put into place; i. Analysis of the institutional contextii. Sufficiency of resources iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff iv. Getting people support and ownership v. Setting of clear targets vi. Establishing VLE help desk vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university References Beckton, J., 2009. Lumping and Splitting. Rolling out a new VLE at the University of Lincoln. e-Learning: A Reality Check Do We Practice What We Preach?, 8th-9th January. Benchicou, S. A. M. a. N. D., 2010. 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