Examine The Sociological Views

There have been numerous adjustments in the public eye that have influenced youngsters in the course of the most recent 50 years, anyway there are a few diverse sociological perspectives on whether these progressions have been valuable to kids or not. Functionalist sociologists have the ‘march of progress’ see, as they accept that the experience of youth has enormously improved in the course of the most recent 50 years. They accept that society is more youngster focused today than any other time in recent memory before.The acquaintance of contraception has driven with couples having littler families, consequently implying that kids currently will in general get more consideration from their folks. Thus, guardians are additionally ready to think about their youngsters better because of the presentation of the government assistance state and kid benefits. Climbie’s case and ‘Every Child Matters’ has prompted the improvement of social administrations and kid assurance, which means youth is a lot more secure now than it was 50 years ago.Children are likewise in better wellbeing because of the NHS, which means more kids endure youth now than any time in recent memory. All kids would now be able to get state training up until the age of 18, which means they are better taught and can accomplish a lot higher in adulthood, while encountering a more drawn out time of youth. These progressions have improved the experience of adolescence and cause Functionalists to accept that things are showing signs of improvement. In any case, Marxist and Feminist sociologists deviate, guaranteeing that the walk of progress see is too positive.They accept that a child’s experience of adolescence relies upon their group, ethnicity and sex, and that Functionalists ignore the disparities between these components. This is known as the ‘conflict’ see. Class affects youth as by and large if a family is poor, the youngsters are bound to have a poor childhood. Ethnicity is found to have an impact as Asian guardians have been seen as a lot stricter on their children.

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay A dangerous atmospheric devation is a natural issue that is right now accepted to be influencing the Earths condition. A worldwide temperature alteration is the continuous increment of the Earths air temperature. It is brought about by the Greenhouse Effect, which is the speculation of warmth in Earths climate by specific gases, similar to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This regulation of the gases holds the warmth in the Earths air since it permits the light from the sun to go through, however it ingests the warmth radiated again from the Earths surface. Cell breath adds to the issue of an unnatural weather change, in light of the fact that through its procedures it takes in oxygen gas and afterward breathes out carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis assists with forestalling this issue, however, on the grounds that it does something contrary to cell breath; it takes in carbon dioxide and afterward yields oxygen gas (O2). Cell breath is the way toward oxidizing certain food atoms, similar to glucose, to create carbon dioxide and water. There are three primary procedures inside cell breath: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Each procedure assumes a huge job in gathering vitality from the food atoms and delivering ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a high vitality particle that is utilized for vitality devouring exercises all through cells. Cell breath happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, too. Glycolysis is the catabolism of sugars by explicit proteins with the release of vitality and assembling of pyruvic (or lactic) corrosive. It happens in the cytosol of a cell, in contrast to the next two procedures of cell breath. Glycolysis can happen without oxygen, which is called aging, yet since this method doesnt yield a high measure of vitality it isnt as commonsense as the high-impact process. Glycolysis phosphorylates the glucose by adding two phosphates to the atom to the detriment of two ATP particles; the glucose is then part into two 3-carbon mixes, and the 3-carbon particles experience a progression of various strides to create pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA is formed from the pyruvate, which at that point enters the second procedure of cell breath, the Krebs cycle. In contrast to glycolysis, the Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondria of a cell. The Krebs cycle is a progression of procedures that completely oxidizes the Acetyl-CoA particle. The cycle must be finished multiple times to yield four carbon dioxide particles, six NADH atoms, two ATP atoms, and two FADH2 particles. The Krebs cycle expects oxygen to be available to happen, making it vigorous. The strategy following the Krebs cycle is the electron transport chain, which comprises of a progression of unique compound proteins that bus electrons from NADH to a terminal electron acceptor, for example, oxygen (McGraw-Hill, 2006). Through a progression of redox responses, a slope is shaped , and, besides, ATP is delivered. These procedures exhibit the inward functions of cell breath, and show how it utilizes oxygen and emits carbon dioxide. The exhalation of carbon dioxide during cell breath is blended into the air, adding to the effectively present sum inside the air. Carbon dioxide is a fundamental element for ozone harming substance, which not permit warmth to escape from the Earths environment. For whatever length of time that living life forms experience breath (the digestion of sugars to create vitality for fundamental metabolic needs), or as creatures pass on and break down, carbon mixes will be separated and are going to include CO2Â to the environment (Barbalace, 2006). Photosynthesis has a remarkable inverse impact. By word reference definition, photosynthesis is theâ synthesisâ ofâ organicâ compoundsâ fromâ carbon dioxide and water (with the arrival of oxygen) utilizing light vitality consumed by chlorophyll. The general response that happens during photosynthesis is that six water atoms are added to six carbon dioxide particles to yield glucose and six oxygen atoms. Photosynthesis as a rule happens in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Carbon dioxide enters the leaves of plants through stomata, which are minusculeâ orifices inâ theâ epidermisâ ofâ leaves, and oxygen gas exits out of a similar path. There are two principle parts of photosynthesis, the light reliant responses and the Calvin cycle. The previous expects light to work, while the last are light autonomous, or dim, responses. In the light reliant responses, the vitality got from light is changed into vitality that is conveyed by electrons; the electrons are then gotten byâ ele ctron transport systems,â that utilize the vitality to deliver ATP and another atom called NADPH. Those two items are utilized in the following procedure of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. In this cycle, carbon dioxide is incorporated into a five carbon particle that is called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), and afterward in a progression of compound responses, hydrogens and electrons from the NADPH are logically added to frame a simple, vitality rich, phosphorylated sugar called GP3, or PGAL (Decelles, 2002). These items are then used to make glucose, among different sugars. This showcases how photosynthesis adjusts the particles of carbon dioxide atoms and water particles to make new sugars, which plants at that point use to gracefully their cells with vitality. Photosynthesis changes over the crude materials of CO2 and H2O into oxygen gas, which benefits the environment and assists with hindering a worldwide temperature alteration. It reuses the carbon dioxide cell breath emanate s into a particle that is not, at this point an ozone harming substance constituent. An unnatural weather change itself is an incredibly dubious subject. A couple accept that it doesn't represent a genuine issue, albeit a considerable amount of accept that it does. An unnatural weather change is the attestation that nature of Earth is gradually warming up, and therefore, the life forms possessing it will inevitably be significantly influenced. The Greenhouse Effect is the thing that happens when warmth is caught, and increments when more warmth vitality is enhanced. When discussing a dangerous atmospheric devation, the nursery impact is set in the parameter of Earths environment. The nursery impact happens planet wide when sun oriented radiation either bobs off of or is transmitted forward from the Earth, and as opposed to going through the climate and outward into space, is consumed by a wide range of additional measures of and incidental gases and particles (The Greenhouse Effect, 2010). Cell breath adds to the superfluous gases, while photosynthesis assists with f orestalling the developing sums, albeit different wellsprings of carbon dioxide are diminishing the photosynthetic responses influence. At a certain point, the contamination of carbon dioxide from cell breath and the change of carbon dioxide into oxygen gas were apparently equivalent. A kind of balance was reached between the two procedures, with photosynthesis seeming to counteract the apparently destructive impacts of cell breath. Starting at as of late, however, synthetic contamination has been influencing our air, including more carbon dioxide into the ozone alongside that produced from cell breath. The essential driver of a worldwide temperature alteration is carbon dioxide discharges; carbon dioxide is being siphoned into our air at an alarmingly face pace; eight billion tons of carbon dioxide entered the air simply last year.â (Causes of Global Warming, 2010). It doesn't help that trees are being cleaved down for logging, improvement, and different purposes, so there is less carbon dioxide being expelled from the environment, making its levels rise. There is more carbon dioxide being discharged into the air than is being changed over into oxygen through photosynthetic responses. This inconsistent arrival of gasses into the Earths climate is the thing that represents the ecological issue of a worldwide temperature alteration. The Earth was worked to continue the impacts of cell breath, however petroleum derivatives unnecessarily being scorched, trees being chopped down, and cell breath produce an excessive amount of carbon dioxide for the Earth to reuse.

How to Write Proposal Essay Outline

How to Write Proposal Essay Outline A proposal essay is one of the least frequently assigned academic papers, but one that you are likely to be assigned at least once over the years spent at college. A proposal essay differs from other papers in that it has some non-academic value: if you learn to introduce your proposals and support their feasibility with evidence and calculations, you are likely to use this skill extensively in your professional life. Even in everyday interactions, being able to lobby your proposals is a skill worth having. In this article, we’d like to go over the fundamentals of compiling the proposal essay outline, as well as provide some recommendations on writing the paper in general. What is a proposal essay? A proposal essay is exactly what it seems to be â€" a paper in which you make a proposal or offer a solution to a problem, providing information that proves that such proposal or solution are worth considering. Proposals are used quite frequently in business and economic circles, so you will do good by acquiring this skill while still at college. A proposal paper is not that different from the rest, but it does have some distinctive features to accommodate the very nature of proposal writing. Get ready for writing Before you even start outlining your paper, take some time to go over preparation steps. Know who you are writing for and what they will expect This step should not be omitted even if your audience is just the professor who assigned this paper. You know the person who will be reading your work â€" what will they expect? How will they evaluate the feasibility of your proposal? Take time to recall and note down all the possible requirements that might be set to your paper, even if they haven’t been included in the prompt. And of course, if you are writing for a business audience, it will be a much, MUCH more important step to take. Do the background research Even before you start digging deeper to justify the proposal you’re making, it is important to get to know the field and industry you are writing about. This is known as background research â€" gathering information that you need to have to decide where to dig deeper. You can try skipping this step, but it will hardly benefit you in the long run. Proposal components Generally, the proposal you are making should include a few elements: A proposal of a specific action that is designed to solve a certain problem of your audience Reasons why the problem is significant and how your proposal will help to solve it (evidence) Possible counterarguments to your proposal and their refutation In non-academic circles, a proposal can be accompanied with a cover letter that introduces such proposal to the person receiving it. Helpful tip If you are free to choose the problem that your proposal should address, try going with a relatively small issue. Global problems require more efforts and research to solve, and your college paper can accommodate only so much. Besides, the narrower you go, the more specific your solution will be. Generally, the more details your proposal paper provides, the better, so don’t get tempted with the global overpopulation issue and the like. Choosing outline for proposal essay Only general recommendations can be given here, as more specific requirements will be set by the person assigning a proposal essay or the organization accepting it. Generally, you should include the following general chapters: Introduction This chapter is designed to describe how your proposal was developed, as well as introduce the subject. Some universities may require you to keep the description of the problem to a minimum of one sentence. Others allow a more detailed description. As in many other papers, the introduction serves to underline the significance of the problem and to tell your readers why they should care at all. The attention hook should also be used to draw your readers into reading from the very first sentence. The brief description of your proposal will serve as a thesis statement to build all the other chapters on. Proposal Plan of Action In this chapter, describe your solution in maximum detail. It can be useful to include the following information: related expenditure (how much will it cost to implement what you are proposing?); responsible persons (who will have to work to implement it and who will be controlling it?); the difficulty of implementation (how many stages of implementation will there be?); the timeframe of implementation (how long will it take?); the resources required for implementation. In describing the steps to take, don’t forget to explain how they are related and how taking one measure will lead to the necessity of taking another one. Your proposal should be a cohesive set of measures, an algorithm, even if the measures might seem random at the first glance. Make sure to address possible problems that might occur on the way and specify ways to address them. It will illustrate your in-depth research of the issue at hand. Predicted Outcomes In this chapter, provide a more detailed overview of how the problem will be solved. How will the results obtained contribute into resolution exactly? Conclusion refutation of opposing points of view Sum up your proposed solution and call out other proposals, stating why yours is more effective. Do not add any new information, simply revisit the points you have already offered. Bibliography Include the works you have cited directly or those that you used for developing your proposal and cite them according to the selected style. Final Thoughts The key criteria that will be used to evaluate your proposal is how well you know the issue you are writing about. That’s why you’ll have to do extensive research on the topic. Solutions to problems that might seem to be lying on the surface must have already been offered, and if you go with one of the obvious solutions, it will prove your lack of information. When writing outline for proposal essay and then writing the first draft, be specific, dig deeper, and provide as many details as possible â€" this is the only right algorithm of writing a decent proposal paper.

The Lottery Fictional Story About a Very Peculiar Village - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 720 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Lottery Essay Did you like this example? The villagers have a lottery yearly in which one individual in the village is chosen to be stoned by the rest of the town including friends, family, and foe. Jackson portrays the lottery as a welcomed practice. Jackson uses a black box, Old Man Warner, and Tessie Hutchinson as a symbolic reference to blind humans following meaningless traditions. In The Lottery there is a black box in which they draw a name out each time the lottery takes place. The box represents tradition of the lottery and the villagers loyalty to it. In the story it is mentioned that the box is shabby and worn out, but the villagers refuse to break tradition and get a new box. Mrs summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one like to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. (Jackson), There is no reason to keep the black box. It is a tradition of the villagers to use the black box, thus making it something they will always follow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Lottery: Fictional Story About a Very Peculiar Village" essay for you Create order The lottery is a important tradition to the townspeople that they do every year. Jackson writes The rest of the year, the box was put away sometimes one place, sometimes another If the lottery was such a important event to the villagers, why would they put the box in such strange places? This influences the reader to think that the other 364 days of the year the villagers are trying to forget the horrific savage thing they did to someone. The person that is elected could be your mom, brother, or even your best friend. Yet they choose to participate. Old man Warner is seventy-seven years of age, which means he has participated for all those years, but he does not want to stop. He symbolizes the older generation who resist change. At the mention of other villagers not participating, Old Man Warner rambles off Pack of crazy fools listening to the young folks, nothing is good enough for them. Next thing you know, theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live hat way for a while. Used to be a saying about lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. First thing you know, wed all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There will always be a lottery Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody. The reader can assume that Old Man Warner is just resistant to change, and is just close minded about changing the way he does things and how he does not want to change tradition. Tessie hutchinson is a symbol of the masses of people who never question injustices in todays society until it applies to them. Tessie was always a follower of the lottery up until one of her family members were chosen. Tesssie mentioned that she had almost forgot the lottery clean forgot what day it was and I looked out the window and the kids were gone, and I remembered it was the twenty seventh and came running. Tessie had always participated in the lottery she never even imaged she could be chosen. it has become such a normal thing to her that she completely forgot about the day of the lottery. Once Tessie family was chosen she quietly says I think we ought to start over I tell you it wasnt fair. Tessie seemed happy to participate in the lottery before she was the chosen one. This makes her a hypocrite. When Tessie is on her death bed about to be stoned, she keeps protesting its not fair. Tessies husband the says Shut up, Tessie So you can infer that Bill Hutchinson is embarrasse d by Tessies protest because it would break the tradition of the lottery. The black box is a symbol of death. Tessie Hutchinson is a symbol of the people who blindly follow traditions, until it pertains to them. Old Man Warner is a symbol of the older generations resistance to change. Th point of Jacksons writing is to inform the reader about how what humans do just because it is what they know and are used too. Tradition was a perfect example because not only is there barbaric traditions like this on, but the people are continuing these traditions blindly.

Church Of Lukumibabalu Aye Vs City Of Hialeah Willis

Church of LukumiBabalu Aye vs City of Hialeah Willis, 1 Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah: Right to Free Exercise Nathaniel Willis Liberty High School AP Government 2A Church of LukumiBabalu Aye v. city of Hialeah was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving the Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, a practicing congregation of the Santeria religion, and the city of Hialeah, Florida. The congregation had bought property in the city in order to build a sanctuary for ritual services (of which include animal sacrifice). The Christian residents of the town brought their concerns of the religion?s practices before the town council, which enacted ordinances 87-40 and 87-52 (Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v City of Hialeah (91-948), 1993). These ordinances banned animal sacrifice within city limits, stating the practice was ?inconsistent with public morals, peace, or safety? (Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (91-948), 1993).After suing the city, the congregation encountered difficulties as the District Court (and later the Appellate Court) ruled in favor of the city. The case was further appealed and heard by the Supreme Court on July 11, 1993, two years aft er Employment Division v. Smith (Chicago-Kent College of Law, 2015), which similarly dealt with a minority religion suing on the grounds of a violation of the First Amendment. In Employment Division, the court favored the Employment Division of Oregon because the laws passed by the state

And Still We Rise †Essay Free Essays

If you had different hardships in your life would you be a different person? The answer is most likely yes. A person’s character is based upon the experiences they have been through. â€Å"Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents which in prosperous circumstances would have lain dormant,† –Horace. We will write a custom essay sample on And Still We Rise – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"And Still We Rise† by Miles Corwin, Corwin shares the lives of inner city kids who still strive to succeed and go to college although the circumstances they are dealt with have told them otherwise. Some of the kids that dealt with bad hands were Toya, Olivia, and Willie. The struggles that they went through are impetuous. Growing up, Toya never knew her biological father. Instead she lived with her mom and stepfather. Toya would often see the two arguing and eventually it came to her stepfather beating her mother up on his drinking binges. Finally her mother getting so tired of this abuse grabbed her two daughters and took shelter. Although, once Toya’s mother could not afford the nightly shelter fee she arranged for her girls and herself to stay with a friend. When she went home one day to get the girls’ clothes her husband strangled her to death. Toya walked in the bathroom to find her mother dead on the floor. After the murder of her mother, Toya and her sister were sent to a group home and later to their aunt’s house. Toya was sexually abused by her stepfather who had a huge effect on her. She later became pregnant and gave birth to a boy during her junior year. This ruined a lot for her in school. She was now going to study at home, return to high school the next year and attend college. â€Å"I didn’t have time to think about tomorrow. I had to survive today,† (47). Her plans were completely ruined when both her aunt and cousin kicked her out. She could not graduate from high school but instead got her GED and will attend college with the help of her church. Like Toya, Willie’s parents were divorced. Willie lived with his mother and siblings until she was arrested. His mother had an addiction to cocaine and often left her children home for long periods of time. They were then separated into several different houses never to live with together again. Willie ended up living with his dad who was constantly working. He strived in school because he didn’t want to end up like his parents. One afternoon Willie saw his mother passed out in a yard in the neighborhood. When things went wrong, all Willie could do was cry and be sad because he really had no one to turn to. Later in the year, Willie became homecoming king which symbolized to him that he did not let the past reflect the way he would end up. â€Å"Being named homecoming king was a powerful symbol to him that his past had not defined him nor deterred him from success,† (244). He finished high school and later went to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia for business. Willie did not let what his mother did or the lack of authority affect his success in going to college and quitting the cycle of his parents. From the beatings her mother gave her to going AWOL after hating foster homes, Olivia’s life was far from perfect. When Olivia was a teenager she was a ward of the county, hopping from one group home to another. Other girls would steal her clothes and chase her around with a hot iron. She went AWOL shortly after that, living in her own apartment, having a crazy work schedule, that was just her life. Whenever she had financial issues she would return to her social worker and yet again be put into a foster home. One time she went AWOL though and couldn’t afford rent anymore, she was going to drop out of high school, when her counselor, Braxton, convinced her otherwise. â€Å"I don’t think God make you do good, or the devil makes you do evil. In the end it’s up to you,† Olivia said one day in English class (Corwin 43). Unfortunately, Olivia didn’t always make the right choices. She was caught forging a check, but because she does not have any parents she was sent to jail to serve time. This all happened during Olivia’s senior year so she couldn’t take her AP exam but was allowed to finish high school. She was released from jail in time for college and went. She is now doing extremely well and helping kids in group homes every Saturday morning. Through hard times, good times will shine through. These kids were given such difficult lives and it was their decision to do what that wanted with their lives. It is a lot harder to succeed when you have so much hate around you, but a lot of these students decided to persevere and make a better life for themselves. â€Å"Remember the past. Cherish the present. Conquer the future,† (398). Those were the encouraging words of Danielle, who was the valedictorian, during graduation. If everyone could just remember that saying, it would be a better world and all those hard trials would all be worth it. How to cite And Still We Rise – Essay, Essays

Virtual Learning Environment free essay sample

1.) INTRODUCTION The issue of integration of technology into the teaching process is a crucial part of future development in the teaching and learning process. The benefits that accrue to students in universities and other learning institutions using e-learning are well documented. Over the past years in majority of countries, academic institutions and other institutions of higher learning have been diversifying in delivery of instruction to learners through internet media. These internet media include Virtual Learning Environment system (VLEs), online classrooms and asynchronous distance learning amongst other growing educational technologies. Learner-centered instructional techniques help students connect with new knowledge and information to what they already know, to increase and improve on the quality of education they already have and also to seek meaningful knowledge and evaluate their own thinking processes. In addition, the internet provides possible benefits such as new methods of communication, flexible access to resources and different methods of assessing lecturers and students. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Learning Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, for lecturers, formulating internet resources that are appealing, educationally sound, stimulating and easy to use is often time consuming and involves considerable expertise. The applications of VLEs assist lecturers to formulate resources faster and it does not require development of technical skills. Typically, the application of VLEs enables the users to easily upload their materials and resources, offers an integrated set of internet tools and provides a consistent look and feel that can be customized by the user. Therefore, the employment of technology to support learning is largely prevailed by the use of VLEs. A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software program devised to facilitate instructors in the management of courses for their students. It aims at helping students and teachers with course administration. It can also track the student’s progress which can be monitored by both the learners and instructors. VLEs are mostly viewed as being helpful in distance learning but in practice they are equally beneficial in supplementing face-to-face classroom. In this paper, the main concern will how technology has been used in EFL teaching. EFL (English as a Foreign Language) courses among a variety of other courses offered in institutions of higher education, have witnessed changes in the recent years which include high enrollment rates, increasing  diversity of students and less resources. In addition, EFL courses are likely to be enrolling students who are mature, possessing other qualifications other than the already existing A-levels or at times studying part time. These students have different backgrounds, preferences and skills in the way they learn. Moreover, these students have expectations of studying current and new trends in technology. VLEs can provide EFL students and their instructors a wide and flexible accessibility to resources and materials in accordance with the changes in technology. This is particularly advantageous to students studying on a part time basis. Motivating and engaging EFL students pose a great challenge to their lecturers. VLEs can help solve this problem by putting together up-to-date, interactive and interesting electronic resources besides additional supporting resources and materials. VLEs can open up opportunities for new methods of communication and learning, and also support collaborative learning as well as independent learning. In the United States, for example, the EFL population has been raising over the past years. Therefore, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) have come up with accessibility standards that will apply to EFL and ESL students. All EFL students should have access to services provided by their institutions, should be given appropriate curriculum, and have equitable and fair assessments. They should also be offered a positive learning environment. A majority of EFL tutors have chosen technology as an aid in meeting and satisfying the above standards. In EFL pedagogical issues are more common in the employment of technology. Pedagogical content knowledge focuses on the strategies used in teaching, that is, those strategies that bring about the best learning experience for every learner. It involves learning different teaching approaches that make the learning process more suitable to the students. In this case, the tutor should be flexible in adjusting instructions to cater for the various learning styles, interests and abilities. The major essence of pedagogical studies is to know how to best teach a concept so that the learners will receive the best learning experience. The different teaching approaches employed may differ from one tutor to the other. In EFL courses, teachers can use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge. This  is referred to as technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). The development of TPCK by tutors is crucial to effective teaching with technology. EFL teachers are emphasized in TPCK since they are viewed as autonomous agents with the power to significantly influence the integration of appropriate or inappropriate technology in teaching. The TPCK framework builds upon the work of Shulman (1987, 1986) by describing how a tutor’s understanding of pedagogical content knowledge and technology can interact with one another to bring up effective teaching with technology. In this TPCK model there are three basic components of knowledge which include; technology, pedagogy and technology. The interaction of these bodies of knowledge is equally essential to the model, which is represented as, technologica l content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge and technological pedagogical knowledge. The interaction of these models can be demonstrated in the figure below. 2.) THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF A VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN A UNIVERSITY VLE allows students and lecturers to interact freely without any time and location barriers. This enhances collaboration and communication among the individuals which builds a unique space where student cohorts develop into community and identity: a community of learners. Most case studies indicate that VLEs is particularly good at bringing individuals together to create what is generally referred to as a community of practice. VLEs enables the teacher to create an area where the students will interact through debates on the key areas of their studies, regardless of time zones and their physical location. 2.1) Benefits for student learning Virtual Learning Environment consists of a collection of integrated tools which enable student tracking, management of online learning, assessment, providing a delivery mechanism and access to resources. These tools can assist students in a number of ways. i. Communication First and foremost the tools support communication between the teachers and students, between the students themselves and across student groups through asynchronous online discussion boards and real-time or synchronous chats. Students can use these facilities to create new ideas and improve or build upon their existing knowledge through online discussions and debates. Other communication tools that can be employed include timetables, calendars and diaries. These tools provide information on key issues of the course such as reminders about submission dates for assignments, TV or radio programs to listen to or watch and additional meetings whether face-to-face or online. In some cases, VLE may contain email facilities that enable communication on a one-to-one basis or on a one-to-many basis. This is advantageous since it keeps messages about the course separate from other email communications. ii. AssessmentVLEs contain tools for summative and formative assessment. For instance, self-tests can be used by students to test their understanding of basic course concepts. Quizzes, on the other hand, can provide guidance for both the student and the tutor; results can highlight key areas that have not been fully understood by the students and those that the tutor should pay particular attention to in the later sessions. The feedback given by tutors is essential in helping students develop an understanding of a subject. iii. Enables students acquire computer-assisted learning materials There exists a wide range of interactive EFL simulations, materials and models freely on the web. One of the advantages of VLE is that they enable students to incorporate computer- assisted learning programs such as interactive tutorials or simulations into their course site. This assists in providing ready-made structures for the course materials. iv. Addition of links to the already existing online materials These facilities are especially useful in encouraging students to make good use of the current resources, read around their subject and develop research skills. Students can post links based on certain assigned sources or topics through the tutor, or through their discussion boards, or on their own web pages. This is very essential in developing and encouraging students’ research skills and in creating new materials that can be employed elsewhere. On the other hand, lecturers can post links that will enable the students to prepare for tutorials and lectures, and encourage students’ research into topics connected to project essays and work. When course materials are uploaded in VLE, cost of paper-based distribution to the students is adequately reduced. Students can  download the resources and view them offline or they can print them. Therefore, adequate printing facilities are an important success factor for the use of VLEs. However, according to Ramsay (2000), the use of the VLE as storage of course materials may not increase the students’ total learning experience. He considered a second-year undergraduate student in EFL and stated that there is need to include only the most important course materials in VLE and be precise on the main aim of including the material. The use of discussion boards for particular course materials can motivate students to reflect more on their contributions and also provide electronic records of the students’ contributions. However, students lack motivation to use and participate in discussion boards. The students’ participation can be improved by linking discussion board posting to the course assessment, embedding a discussion board into the activities of the course and finally limiting the life span of a discussion board activity. 2.2) Benefits for teacher instructionThe advantages for tutors using VLEs lies on the fact that they center on improving the learning experience and employing the tools within the VLE to help with the administration and management of the course. i. Administrative tools. Instructors can benefit from VLE using administrative tools. VLEs provide information to the tutor on how often the students accessed VLE course materials through the tracking tool. They can also provide information on when and what the students have read and done in the online discussion board. For those students who study through distance learning, the lecturer can be in a position to monitor if the students have been engaging in online communications and associated materials. ii. Collaboration and communication VLE provides lecturers an opportunity to encourage communication and collaboration. For example, VLE can provide a discussion board or a virtual space where staff, students and other learning specialties can interact, discuss, share ideas, learning and materials. Communication tools used in VLE usually include discussion boards which have the facility to share files, Noticeboards, e-mail and virtual chats. The establishment of a discussion board for a whole course can cut down on the number of questions for each individual student. This is because answers to one student’s questions are posted in the discussion board for all students to see. Although this is encouraging peer support, it is essential to consider how the board will be moderated and to set ground rules and regulations. iii. Active engagementIt is usually difficult to find a way and time to allow and ensure students’ active participation in face-to-face sessions. In online discussion boards, the lecturer can help students to engage more actively in the course and with the learning process at a place and time that is convenient to both the lecturer and the student. This is of specific importance to part-time students. It is often difficult to form groups of the part-time students and full-time students studying the same course especially when it requires face-to-face meetings. Therefore, VLEs are an important place for the two groups to discuss and interact freely without any inconveniences and without the necessity for physical meetings. iv. Signposting Teachers can support the collaboration and communication among students in the VLE by making specific signposting and making a variety of up-to-date data, multimedia and online materials accessible for students. This could include web-links, web resources, the institution’s online library materials, online articles, searchable online database or even graphics. The materials could also be developed by the lecturer, for example, diagrams, lecturer’s notes and images. These materials are linked to other online activities in VLE which benefit those students who conduct intensive studies, those who need additional support and for those who are willing to study at higher levels. v. Saving time  VLEs enables tutors to save time since much time would be lost through students copying complicated diagrams and references; these materials are transferred to the VLE. It also reduces the time and costs associated with photocopying. vi. Posting course information and course material s The most convenient and straightforward way for teachers to ensure that  students access course materials such as handouts, reading lists, assignment details, lecture slides and marks whenever they want, is to avail them through the VLE. The lecturers can periodically upload course materials into the VLE, which functions as a course archive. VLEs also have announcement facilities where the instructors can post updates and announcements. Whenever a student logs into the program, they will automatically receive the updates and the latest announcements. This makes communication of course arrangements flexible especially for the working and part-time students. 2.3) other benefitsVLEs can be linked either through a web link or directly to other online learning tools which are not part of VLE tools. These may offer further functionality such as Write Note which is a referencing tool for students. This software is contained in the Write Note sever but can be linked to online discussion and course resources. In addition VLEs can connect directly with the university’s library or learning center. 3.) IMPLEMENTING VLEs IN A UNIVERSITY A majority of institutions of higher learning across the world are investing in implementing VLEs in their organizations to support the teaching and learning process. However, without an effective implementation, the overall objectives and benefits of VLEs may not be achieved. Hence, the universities should ensure the development of well-designed strategy for the successful implementation of an effective VLE. Implementation of VLEs in any university has been essential since; i. It improves and enhances the students experience ii. It provides great consistency across courses or modules iii. It also provides harmony across delivery systems. 3.1) The model For the implementation of VLE in any organization, A. Holzl suggests a system model for a holistic approach. His model is derived from the metaphor of the â€Å"fire triangle†. This metaphor states that the fire triangle is made up of three elements or sides, that is, oxygen, heat source and fuel. Without any of the elements the fire cannot continue or start. Holzl’s triangle for implementing a VLE in a university consists of; a) Training and development b) Infrastructure c) Organizational culture Infrastructure, in the case of VLE, refers to the IT software and hardware which provides access to the students and staff which have to access or create the environment. Training and development include the students and the academic staff being trained to ensure that they have the appropriate knowledge and information literacy. Finally, organizational culture which is the most important and the one that is often ignored includes attitudes and personal models of learning, policies, organizational climate, assessment and grading system, staff rewards among many others. All these elements stated above either encourage staff and students for implementing VLEs or punish them and create barriers for participating. Most universities invest heavily and pay particular attention on the first two and do little or nothing on the last one. Like a fire triangle, for successful implementation of VLEs in a university there must be equal, coordinated and integrated investment in all three elements of the proposed model. This is an organizational development approach (OD). Most universities have a staff development department but very few universities have an organizational development department. 3.2) Case studiesIn literature, there are several studies and research papers that have been developed to discuss the experience of implementing e-learning in a number of universities around the world. There are not many but they can form a starting point to discuss the effect and experience of implementing e-learning in a university. Beastall and Walker discussed an implementation program of the VLE at York University (UK) based on the change management approach. This program involved a four-year cycle of pilot projects and evaluation ending up in a full availability rollout at the end of the four years. These researchers explained that for a successful implementation of a change management, there should be clear strategic top-down management which should be combined with bottom-up active involvement in order to successfully implement change that focuses on the needs of the students. Sharpe et al. explains the implementation of e-learning at Oxford Brookes  University. The implementation plan focused on the levers used to ensure sustainable embedding and effective uptake. In their strategy, the main focus was the participation of academic schools in employing a range of changing practices. They established that the key factors included: flexibility in practices of schools and institutions that enable them to contextualize their plans for change and the facilitation of user groups that offer staff and students opportunities to voice their views about e-learning. Beckton discussed the adoption of the VLE at Lincoln University, UK. He mentioned that the resistance offered by academic staff and students in the adoption of change could be remedied through the creation of a specialized development unit. The first task of this unit was to increase awareness on the use of the VLE and its advantages across the university. He claimed that the greatest success in implementation of VLE could be achieved by focusing on the needs of the users of the system. The main point of concern should be focusing on what the users of the system required and give them the opportunity to express those needs instead of developing a system focusing on what it can do for them. In summary, according to these case studies, the implementation of VLE in a university requires careful strategic planning in order to prepare the users and ensure their commitment to proper and efficient use of the system. 3.3) Trials and potential difficultiesMost organizational changes are unsuccessful due to different forms of resistance. For example, some individuals in the organization may be against implementation of the VLE. Therefore, it becomes necessary to identify why individuals resist change. People are most essential assets in any organization and hence their commitment can be the main factor in determining the successful and effective implementation of any IT project. For the implementation team, it is important for them to know the reasons behind the resistance and this could help them in planning to address the issues so as to overcome the resistance. In literature and theory, there are several reasons behind the resistance in the adoption of VLE or any other form of e-learning in an institution of higher learning. According to Goolnik, some of them include; i. Academic faculty may feel that they have less control over their working lives than before. ii. Some of tutors feel that it might lower the quality of the courses. iii. They are afraid of the ownership and intellectual property rights of the resources produced. iv. Some fear for lack of official recognition for the work done under the new technologies. v. There is deficiency in IT skills and also lack of time.vi. Some lecturers feel that getting involved with e-learning and VLE is not part of their role. Salmon argued that resistance may occur because the employment of VLEs in a university involves the migration away from the traditional teaching practices and most of the faculties prefer to preserve their familiar and existing pedagogical practices. Some individuals may be instant adopters of new technology while others may be short-term, long-term or they may never use the VLE. It is therefore imperative to consider each type of individual and formulate the best practice to overcome any possible resistance. Resistance can be overcome by involving the academic staff in the development and designi ng of the e-learning system such as a VLE and also in the understanding of the need for change. It is essential for them to understand their roles which will ensure their commitment and involvement. Most senior managers expect cooperation from their workers which is the main cause of resistance in most universities. According to Sharma et al. resistance can be decreased by; educating the stakeholders and workforce on the importance of e-learning; allowing the affected individuals to contribute in the implementation process and also bargaining with the external and internal stakeholders. Finally, resistance is the key failure of most e-learning projects in most universities; therefore, learning its main causes could lead to a better planning and a successful implementation of the VLE. 4.) A STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTION AT UNIVERSITY OF HAIL, SAUDI ARABIA The University of Hail is already using CIT in the department of English as a Foreign Language. A large number of teaching materials are obtained on internal webpages and e-mail lists are commonly used to communicate with students. One member of the academic staff usually updates the intranet on behalf of the other academics. However, there is a need to implement VLE in the university. For successful implementation of VLE in the university of Hail, the proposed framework should follow a proactive approach. Evidence shows that institutions that apply the proactive or practical approach in the implementation of VLE experience fewer problems  and are in most cases successful compared to those who apply the reactive approach. In a practical approach, the team deals with unwanted problems proactively and hence enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. The framework is composed of multiple tasks or strategies that ensure s uccessful implementation of VLE in the university. The figure below illustrates the visual presentation of the framework.i. Analysis of the institutional context When planning for any change program, it is important to take the institution context into consideration. The institution strategies and goals should be critically analyzed in terms of its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and the change tactics are then advanced. At this stage it is essential to work at the departmental level and develop commitment and ownership by involving departmental heads and other senior managers. One should make them aware of best practices that already exist. ii. Sufficiency of resources. Availability of resources is very crucial in the implementation of e-learning. Deficiency of infrastructure and human resources may impede implementation of VLE in a university. These resources also include support and training funding. iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff VLEs should be backed with the language of the academic staff and students in the university. Language barrier could hinder the appropriate use of the VLE. Intercultural particularities should be taken into consideration when selecting VLE basic language to be applied. At a relatively low cost, electronic conversion tools could also be installed to convert the learning resources that have been created from one language to another. The calendar should also be considered as one of the intercultural problems from different countries use different calendar formats, for example, lunar and solar calendar formats. iv. Getting people support and ownership Individual tutors’ motives must be well understood and addressed to other individuals. This is because, resistance to change is expected and therefore preparations must be considerably sufficient to enable individuals realizing changes gradually. This task can be done in two different stages, that is; a) Creation of the user coalition group that covers all stakeholders It is important for a user group to be established so as to cater for the balance between organizational, technical and pedagogical consideration in the entire university. This group should comprise of representatives from all interested sectors such as senior management, technical team, students, academic staff from all departments taking part, and registration staff. Involving the group’s feedback in the planning of the system could give an excellent view of the problems that may arise and how to solve them. b) Design training programs to empower people to effect change A comprehensive program that entails workshops, training programs and seminars should be developed with the help of the human resource department of the university. This helps to equip staff and students with the required IT skills. Introductory courses should be offered on how to use VLE such as creating content; using different tools; creating and contributing in discussion boards. This will enable planning for VLE to be integrated into the university system. c) Creation of the change agents team to communicate the change vision Change agents should be selected out of the user coalition group whose main function will be managed and facilitate change in the university. They should educate students and staff on the importance of VLE and also plan and monitor the implementation. The team should constantly communicate with top management in order to always gain their support and approval. They also need to communicate constantly the new strategies and visions and sell the VLE to the suitable addresses. The major objective of establishment of a change team is to ensure that as many people as possible are optimistic towards change. Successful adoption of VLE in a university can be achieved by channeling communication through channels such as opinion leaders and change agents instead of channeling from formalized, distanced recommendations from the management. d) Increasing the awareness of the selected VLEAfter designing the training programs, staff and students should be encouraged to undertake personal VLE training that should cover content development, IT skills so as to fully develop their understanding of the VLE. Training should comprise of transformation of academic practice in the collaborative development and sharing of teaching and learning resources. Its main objectives should be skills development, personalized learning pathways and student focused activities via online involution of students and teachers. Support and training available to students and staff is crucial for the successful implementation of a VLE. v. Setting of clear targetsIn the establishment of change in any organization, it is important to set quantitative assessment benchmarks and measures. In the establishment of VLE, the easiest attainable target could be that all courses offered in a university could have some kind of web presence of a particular date. However, such a target could result in encouraging students and staff to use the VLE for their own sake but not promoting them to employ VLE in improving their experience and knowledge. Other measures could be introduced, for example, content oriented measure or interaction oriented measures. In interaction oriented measures, rate of involvement in discussion boards and forums or frequency of announcement la id could be employed. In content oriented targets, the content placed by the tutor could be measured such as placement of lecture notes, objectives of the course and of the resources placed and placement of table of contents among others. vi. Establishing VLE help desk Help desks should be established so as to provide technical assistance to students and academic staff who experience any difficulties in the employed of VLEs. vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university The implementation of the VLE system in a university should be conducted in a gradual manner. This helps in controlling support services, assess feedback procedures and control the pace of the rollout of the system. The implementation should start in colleges where the use of IT is maturing. This enables the administrators of the system to try out the system, to identify any problems or bottlenecks that arise and report such issues to the implementation team. 5.) CONCLUSION The objective of this paper was to formulate a review of learning styles in Virtual Learning Environments employed in the teaching of English as a  Foreign Language. The following conclusions were made. VLE has to be functional and clear so as to obtain the best learning results. If there are multiple courses in the VLE they should be unified to get easy and simple access to course information and learning resources. Technology can be effectively employed in EFL studies. EFL studies have recently been experiencing large numbers of student enrollment, increasing diversity of students and less resources. The EFL population has also raised over the past years in the majority of countries in the world. Hence, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The tutors have opted to use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge that will simplify their work load. Finally for the successful implementation of a VLE in University of Hail Saudi Arabia, the implementation strategy should follow a proactive approach. The following strategies should be put into place; i. Analysis of the institutional contextii. Sufficiency of resources iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff iv. Getting people support and ownership v. Setting of clear targets vi. Establishing VLE help desk vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university References Beckton, J., 2009. Lumping and Splitting. Rolling out a new VLE at the University of Lincoln. e-Learning: A Reality Check Do We Practice What We Preach?, 8th-9th January. Benchicou, S. A. M. a. N. D., 2010. E-Learning in Engineering education : A Theoretical and Empirical Study of the Algerian Higher Education Institution. The European Journal of Engineering Education, 35(3), pp. 325-343. De Miranda, M. A., 2008. Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Engineering and Technology Teacher Education: Issues for thought. Journal of the Japanese Society of Technology Education, 50 (1), pp. 17-26. Dublin, L., 2004. The nine myths of e-learning implementation: ensuring the real return on your e-learning investment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(7), pp. 291-294. El-Haisoni, M. A. a. E., January 2013. Empirical Investigation of the e-Learning Approach in Saudi Universities. International Journal of English and Education, 2(1), pp. 2278-4012. Forsyth, H. P. J. L. R. a. M. J., 2010. Distance education in the era of eLearning: challenges and opportunities for a campus-focused institution. Higher Education Research and Development, 29(1), pp. 15-28. Goolnik, G., 2006. Effective Change Management Strategies for Embedding Online Learning within Higher Education and Enabling the Effective Continuing Professional Development of its Academic Staff. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education- TOJDE, 7 (1), pp. 9-21. Govindasamy, T., 2002. Successful implementation of e-Learning Pedagogical considerations. Internet and Higher Education, Volume 4, pp. 287-299. K. Sharma, D. S. a. P. P., 2010. Strategic architecture for e-learning at H.P University. International Journal of Educational Management, 24 (7), pp. 575-596. M. Owen, M. B. a., 2000. Implementing Virtual Learning Environments: Looking for Holistic Approach. Educational Technology Society, 3 (3), pp. 39-53. McCalman, R. P. a. J., 2000. Change Management, A Guide to Effective Implementation, London: Sage Publications. Moser, F., 2007. Faculty adoption of educational technology. Educational technology support plays a critical role in helping faculty add technology to their teaching. EDUCAUSE Quarterly Magazine, 30 (1). Nunes, M. M. a. M., 2006. Organisational issues for e-learning: Critical success factors as identified by HE practitioners. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(7), pp. 542-558. Pahl, C., 2003. Managing evolution and change in web-based teaching and learning environments. Computers Education, Volume 40, pp. 99-114. R. Sharpe, G. a. R. F., 2006. Implementing a university e-learning stra tegy: levels for change within academic schools. Research in Learning Technology, 14(2), pp. 135-151. Russell, C., 2009. A Systematic Framework for Managing e-learning adoption in campus universities: individual strategies in context. Research in Learning Technology, 1(7), pp. 3-19. Salmon, G., 2005. Strategic framework for e-learning and pedagogical innovation. Research in Learning Technology, 13 (3), pp. 201-218. Schneckenberg, D., 2010. Overcoming barriers for eLearning in universities – portfolio models for competence development of faculty. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41 (6), pp. 979-991. Walker, L. B. a. R., 2007. Effecting institutional change through e-learning: An implementation model for VLE deployment at the University of York. Journal of Organizational Transformational and Social Change, 3 (3), pp. 285-299. Weller, M., 2007. Virtual Learning Environments: Using, choosing and developing your VLE. UK: Routledge. Yorke, M. S. a. J., November 2004. Embedding Staff Development in eLearning in the Production Process and using Policy to Reinforce its Effectiveness. Birmingham, 9th SEDA conference. http://www.staffs.ac.uk/COSE/cosenew/embedding.pdf Zhu, C., 2010. Teacher roles and adoption of educational technology in the Chinese context. Journal for educational research online, 2(2), pp. 72-86.

Formula for Ammonium Hydroxide

Formula for Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide is the name given to any aqueous (water-based) solution of ammonia. In pure form, it is a clear liquid that smells strongly of ammonia. Household ammonia usually is 5-10% ammonium hydroxide solution. Other names for ammonium hydroxide are: Ammonia (e.g., household ammonia) [versus anhydrous ammonia]Aqueous ammoniaAmmonia solutionAmmonia waterAmmonia liquorAmmonical liquorSpirit of Hartshorn Chemical Formula of Ammonium Hydroxide The chemical formula of ammonium hydroxide is  NH4OH, but in practice, ammonia deprotonates some of the water, so the species found in solution are a combination of NH3,  NH4,, and OH− in water. Ammonium Hydroxide Uses Household ammonia, which is ammonium hydroxide, is a common cleaner. Its also used as a disinfectant, food leavening agent, to treat straw for cattle feed, to enhance tobacco flavor, to cycle an aquarium without fish, and as a chemical precursor for hexamethylenetetramine and ethylenediamine. In the chemistry lab, it is used for qualitative inorganic analysis and to dissolve silver oxide. Concentration of Saturated Solution Its important for chemists to realize the concentration of a saturated ammonium hydroxide solution decreases as temperature increases. If a saturated solution of ammonium hydroxide is prepared at a cool temperature and the sealed container is heated, the concentration of the solution decreases and ammonia gas can build up in the container, potentially leading it to rupture. At a minimum, unsealing the warm container releases toxic ammonia vapors. Safety Ammonia in any form is toxic, whether it is inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested. Like most other bases, its also corrosive, which means it can burn skin or damage mucous membranes, such as eyes and the nasal cavity. Its also important to refrain from mixing ammonia with other household chemicals because they may react to release additional toxic fumes.

Why a Career in Logistics Might Be Right for You

Why a Career in Logistics Might Be Right for You Doctor. Lawyer. Accountant. Teacher. These are a few of the professions which may first come to mind when contemplating potential career paths. However, there are plenty of other lesser known options with equal or greater potential for everything from compensation to job satisfaction. At the top of that list? Logistics. Let’s take a closer look at this quickly growing field, along with why a career in logistics may be right for you. What is Logistics?According to Logistics World, â€Å"Logistics means having the right thing, at the right place, at the right time.† While this definition may be a simplification, it encapsulates the field of logistics in its most basic sense. In the business sense, logistics applies to the supply chain of goods and services between the point of origin and the point of consumption. The ultimate goal of workers in this field? To meet customer needs in the most efficient, effective way.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, â€Å"logis ticians analyze and coordinate an organization’s supply chain – the system that moves a product from supplier to consumer.† This comprises the entire life cycle of a product - including everything from developing business relationships with suppliers to directing the allocation of materials to comprehending customer needs. Ultimately, logisticians seek to minimize cost, time and risk when it comes to safely moving goods from one point to another.Beyond LogisticiansNot all people who work in logistics are logisticians, however. The field also has jobs for people across a wide range of academic backgrounds and experiences - from truck drivers and forklift operators to upper level logistics executives.Because of the variety of opportunities, there is also significant opportunity for career advancement for hardworking individuals. In fact, many logistics company prefer to train and promote from within rather than pursuing external hires.If you aspire toward a caree r in international business, meanwhile, logistics is a great starting point. Many workers in this field use entry-level skills and experience to transition to mid- and upper-level positions in other countries.The Many Benefits of a Career in LogisticsJob opportunities for logisticians are projected to grow by a whopping 22 percent between 2012 and 2022. This is significantly faster than the average rate for all other occupations. With this growth comes job security, along with the possibility of increased compensation due to the in demand status of professionals in this field. While the median annual wage for logisticians is $72,780, top earners can make upwards of $112,000.Why is logistics expanding so quickly? The field’s exponential growth largely relates to the expansion of the global economy. As geographic borders continue to break down, new opportunities are constantly developing. Logisticians will assume responsibility for exploring these opportunities, pushing current boundaries, and conquering the rising challenges along the way.No matter where you live, a career in logistics is within your reach. Nearly every company that offers a product or service requires people to handle logistics. While some areas, such as Chicago and Los Angeles, are logistics activity hubs, every industrialized region of the world has companies in need of logistics experts.If you’re looking for career fulfillment, logistics offers the potential of great satisfaction. The work is constantly changing, and logistics environments - from the warehouse to the boardroom - bustle with activity and innovation. This fast-paced work ensure that you’ll never be bored.There’s a reason why logisticians earned the sixth spot on U.S. News and World Report’s list of â€Å"Best Business Jobs.† If you like to solve problems, work collaboratively with others, and value not only job security, but also the promise of quick career advancement, a career in logistics can help you realize these goals while also enjoying rare professional fulfillment.

Flying on a Full Service Airline as Opposed Low Fair Discount Carrier Term Paper

Flying on a Full Service Airline as Opposed Low Fair Discount Carrier - Term Paper Example The airline is home to more than 35000 employees who are the backbone of the airline company. The employees are provided with friendly working environment to help them deliver the best services to the customers. Southwest Airlines has further strengthened itself by acquiring the Air Tran Airways in 2011. The mission of the company has been to deliver the best quality services to its customers at low price which has enabled the airline to grab a large market share. Executive Summary of Marketing Plan The marketing strategy is an important aspect for the company to launch a new product. The marketing strategy involves factors like target market which hold the key to success for the new airline in the competitive airline industry. It gives the airline company the leverage to target the desired market. Competitor description and the analysis of direct and indirect competitors is also an important part of a marketing plan. The strategy followed by the competitors and its weakness can prov ide the airline company advantage. ... Pricing strategy can make customers opt for the company’s product or reject it for being expensive. The right method to implement a pricing strategy is to make the product valuable in terms of its price. The implementation plan finally needs to take place considering all the marketing strategy factors. A proper analysis of these factors can provide better knowledge to the Southwest Airline Company regarding the launch of its new full service airline. Description of Target Market A group of people who are looked upon by the company as the customers which can fit in the marketing strategy adopted by the company can be termed as the target market. Target market is the most essential component to a company’s marketing plan. Southwest Airlines marketing plan largely depends on the 4 P’s of marketing mix and the target market to decide the success of its new product. Target market can be segmented into the following four parts: Geographic Segmentation Southwest Airline can segment its desired target market based on the nation, state, region, country, etc. to which a customer belongs. The airline company then can decide whether it wants to function in selected geographic regions or across every geographic area. The airline has to accordingly develop its product or service (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008, p.173). Demographic Segmentation Demographic segmentation is another variable which divides the target market based on the factors like age, religion, gender, family, etc. This segmentation can prove to be a boon for the airline company as it is easily measurable and can be used to select the target market for its new product or service. Psychographic Segmentation This segmentation can help the airline company to divide the customers on the

A Newest Diagnostic Tool or Intervention for Diabetes in Adults or Article

A Newest Diagnostic Tool or Intervention for Diabetes in Adults or Children - Article Example The first step involves implantation of the B-cells which can be done through donor pancreas and molecular genetic engineering which can help in replacing the defective B-cells in diabetic patients. However, certain obstacles are present which include the reduced number of donors, immune reactions and rejections in receiving patients. According to the research, different types of sensors can be utilized for glucose monitoring which include enzymatic sensors and optical sensors and some other sensors which are currently under study. Enzymatic sensors consist of an immobilized enzyme with an electrochemical transducer which will be a part of the artificial pancreas. This sensor will then transmit glucose levels monitored signals to an implanted insulin pump. Some problems that may arise include inflammatory reactions which can reject the sensor or even reduce the glucose levels. A more advanced sensor is optical sensor which is both non-invasive and advanced. With a light beam entering a blood vessel, the glucose concentration in the blood can be detected by the absorption pattern of the infra-red radiations. The obstacles which include interference of other molecules like water or hemoglobin the absorption pattern are being overcome by new methods like Kromoscopy. This analytical method separates the absorption pattern of glucose more efficiently and is a better technique. Implantable insulin pump is the next intervention that completes the artificial pancreas. Insulin pumps release insulin at the right time and correct amounts according to the information relayed by the glucose sensors. Implantable insulin pumps (IIPs) are preferred over the previously used external pumps because they are more reliable and function in a more accurate manner (Jaremko & Rorstad 1998). An IIP is surgically implanted and would replace the conventional insulin injection administered per day. The total life-span of this implant will be of three years and will pump insulin according t o the glucose concentrations. According to a cohort study the glycosylated hemoglobin levels were found to be reduced from 7.4%to 7.1 % after an observed therapy with IIPs for twelve months. Some complications occurring with the pump include catheter blockage and mechanical failure of the pump and insulin antibody formation. The catheter blockage was discovered when the infusions were found to be slow and irregular. A control system is required for the regulation of the glucose levels and it would be implanted in the artificial pancreas. The system will assess the glucose levels and then accordingly allow the infusion of insulin into the bloodstream. The concept of artificial implanted pancreas can be very efficiently projected if all the three components are projected and designed with the right technology and design. The major obstacle in the achievement of this concept is glucose sensors because of several reasons like incompatibility, self-monitoring problems and properly execut ed technology (Jaremko & Rorstad 1998). Renard et al in 2010 established the feasibility of the artificial pancreas through a research on intraperitoneal insulin pumps and glucose sensors which was considered more effective rather than subcutaneous implanted pumps and glucose sensors. Eight diabetic patients were used for a randomized control trial and comparison

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry In todays rapidly changing business environments it is an essential activity for every destination, to prevent disturbance in tourism. Mill and Morrison, (1998). The author, say that a destination is highly influenced by the wide-range effects of tourism, it is therefore vital to plan for any development. According to J. C. Henderson, (2005), many researchers have approached the issue on tourism planning and policies through different perspectives; the temporal and spatial evolution of destinations the impacts of development, government growth policies, planning imperatives, marketing issues and topics studied. On top of that, the same author makes reference to the various opinions of different authors who make mentioned about the essential factors that would encourage tourism development at a particular destination Critical influences relate to accessibility (Prideaux, 2000), attraction and amenity standards (Gunn, 2004), awareness and positive images (Johns and Mattson, 2005) associated with promotion and marketing (Buhalis, 2000), a supportive government (Weaver and Lawton, 2002) and a peaceful and stable environment (Poirier, 1997). Planning approach tourism planning is defined as a comprehensive, coordinated and continuing processthat promote the common good of society According to (Stifel, 1990), society benefits and welfare should be the main focus of all stakeholders involved in decisions making pertaining to any tourism development. Moreover, tourism planning has been defined as a process based on research and evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality, (Tosun and Jenkins, 1998). In the above statement, Tosun and Jenkins, agree with Stifle stating that human welfare is indeed to be considered while planning for tourism development and on top of it argued that tourism should not only look into tourists numbers and economic gain, but such development should be environmentally sound. Importance of Tourism linkage However, planning requires the integration of the tourism industry into other sectorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Timothy, (1999). Timothy argues that tourism cannot operate on its own, (as it is environmentally dependant) and rely on other sectors of the economy, such as; agriculture, industry and transportation, to exist. There is the need to create linkage. According to Nikolaos Karangiannis 2003, lack of an overall integrated policy has limited the contribution of tourism growth to the countrys socio-economic development.[15] Therefore the author mentions that the need to formulae policies for economic restructuring and diversification was eminent. The government in Jamaica decides therefore, to create linkage between tourism, commodity production sectors, and complementary and related services in order to rejuvenate the industry, increase economic gain and competitiveness. Tourism Planning and policies Authorities have a vital role and public investment and implementation of pro-tourism policies can help in ensuring that such circumstances do prevail. (Joan C. Henderson, 2006) Government policy is about influencing the way people utilize their resources and the way they relate to each other (within and across state and national boundaries) and their environment. (Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002) state that special competencies are required to understand the functioning of tourism and to formulate policies. They added policies, planning and development is at any scale, from national to local and their purpose and reasons differs from one destination to another. (Taylor 1994), government holds the responsibility for research and guideline development, especially in three areas: travel markets, existing and potential; tourism physical plant; linkages between market needs and physical and physical plant development. Further arguments, by Clare (A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002), stated that although government intervention is important to control impact of fragmented development on the environment and society, it has also been observed that capitalistic countries which adopt a laissez-Faire tourism policy by private sector, has very little government intervention. The belief that political serenity, not scenic or cultural attractions, constitutes the first and central requirement of tourism (Richter and Waugh, 1986, p. 320) (Ritcher 1994), agrees with Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, stating that the purpose for tourism policies differs from one destination to the other as, for example, in some countries tourism has purposely been directed toward increased immigration in hope that visitors will become residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulating of investment to increase national wealth according to the same authors it is agreed that excessive tourism growth may demand revision of policies; conservation policies pertaining to environment, policies for land use are some examples sustainable policies. Governments of nations, provinces, states and communities have the choice of doing nothing or doing something constructive about public tourism policies. (Lamb and Davison 1996) Furthermore, developing countries are often anxious to plan but unable to governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this cannot be done by a macro-or national-level approach(Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy 2001).With reference to Turkey, as tourist destination, Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy, confirm Stifels definition of planning, stating that an over-centralization of tourism planning and poor administrative practices and policies formulation have failed to promote common good of the society, because government reticence and negligence to considering regional and local conditions. Finally according to Clare A. Gunn, Turgut Var, 2002, governments have not only the capacity but also the responsibility of creating, implementing and reviewing policies that plan tourism. [6] According to the same authors, tourism planners need to look into three main aspects, namely, economic, socio-cultural and environmental, when planning for tourism projects for particular destinations. Comprehensive planning process and judicious formulation of policies will surmount barriers to tourism planning in each tourist destination area and lead to sustainable development. Conclusion, empirical evidence through the world clearly shows that the model destinations for successful tourism are those that have embraced the tourism-planning concept (Mill and Morisson 1997). Barriers to tourism development Sustainable Tourism if tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and sustainable in the long-term, it must be ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the local communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that local people are involved and included in tourism planning and implementation, and that cultures and people are respected. (Eber, 1992). The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Developing indicators for sustainable tourism The most significant attempt so far to develop indicators of sustainable tourism has been undertaken by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) through its Environment Task Force (Dymond, 1997; Manning Dougherty, 1995; Manning et al., 1996). [9] Manning et al. consider that the main purpose of the WTO, in identifying eleven international acceptable sustainable tourism core indicators is to assist planners and decision makers in their tasks. Figure 1 presents core indicators of sustainable tourism (WTO) However, L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, contested that the above framework has its limitations. It is observed that though, the above indicators represent a wise attempt towards sustainable tourism development, no provision has been made for guiding stakeholders in the implementation of same; that is, converting indicator results into management action. Furthermore Laws et al., state that each destination is unique and thus has to consider the destination local characteristics and its own dynamics that may influence sustainable tourism indicators. Policy makers should understand that there is no generic model for several destinations, but indeed policies have to be tailor made according to destination particulars. Moreover, it is of vital importance to review policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time; current policy may not be adequate for dealing with future problems in the same destination. (Laws et al., 1998:9) [10] According L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, Samoas Sustainable Tourism Status Report 2000, is a good example an effective planning tool which assisted Saoma Visitors Bureau in developing appropriate action plans and tourism awareness programmes consequently. Figure 2, is an adapted model of Saomas effective planning and monitoring system for sustainable tourism development, which will be used to assessing planning process in Grand Baie. Theoretical framework for sustainable planning Figure 2 planning process, Source: adapted from L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002 Stage 1. Project Design/ Study preparation Stage 7.Review and improve monitoring system Stage 6. Implement action plan and communicate results to Stakeholders Stage 2. Scope issues formulate Goals objectives Stage 5 plan Action formulation Stage 3. Survey / Develop and screen indicators Stage 4. . Analysis and Synthesis Applying L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, model on research planning in Grand Baie: Stage 1: Design and study preparation; at this stage there is the need to take decisions for planning, that is to be involved in planning process, (residents, NGOs, Government, District council, local business owners, tourism authority, beach authority; private and public sectors). Define roles and responsibilities of each and every one, getting all stakeholders involved in the project in order to write the study project terms of reference and organize the project. Stage 2: Determine goals and objectives; goals and objective of the development programme are decided, but these are subject to changes and modification. For example, developing alternative forms of tourism in Grand Baie, promoting community-based tourism and cultural tourism (social exchange theory) developing environmental protection programmes for the area, educating tourist and residents towards responsible tourism, improving security having a planning framework adapted to Gran Baie needs, hence designing policies that will regulate tourism activities of the region. Stage 3: Survey and core indicators for the region of Grand Baie; undertake surveys and have an inventory of the existing situation. Grand Baie is known for its; safe lagoon, beautiful beaches, people (hospitality), its tropical climate, shopping facilities, restaurants, beach resorts and peripheries rich in culture and traditions. All of these elements should be given great consideration when planning for tourism. Each destination has its unique characteristics and dynamic context. Survey can also be used to study residents reaction pertaining to tourism, in their locality. Moreover can assist planners establish baseline for sustainable development in Brand Baie. Stage 4: Analysis and Synthesis; once baseline information are collected they need to be analised in order to have the basis for the plan. Feedback received from locals and different stakeholders will help to design policies that will ensure smooth implementation of planning. Stage 5: Action plan formulation: formulation and design of plan will be based on preparation and evaluation of alternative policies. Generally planning is conducted at all levels, from individual to comprehensive planning. (Inskeep, 2000), argue that tourism planning applies same concepts and approach of general planning; however, it is adapted to the particular characteristic tourism system. In this context action plan for Grand Baie, is at local level and should be tailor made. Consequently planners will have to possess strong element of predictability and appropriate skills in attempting to envision the future. Stage 67: Implementation and Monitoring: the plan will be implemented in Grand Baie using different techniques. Policies are here as guidelines to implement plans but above all effective communication among stakeholders is vital. The risk of failure is lower when recommendations are addressed to all stakeholders. Environmental policies for sustainable development, e.g. EIA, has been established by the Government, but the extent to which it is been fully observed are debatable when looking at actual situation in Grand Baie. Hence, it is important to monitor progress in implementing the plan and evaluate the success of the plan in meeting its goals and objectives on a regular basis. Plans generally need to be adjusted over time due to changing goals, changing market conditions, and unexpected impacts. Although the monitoring project is still ongoing and its long-term implications for the sustainability of tourism in Samoa are far from clear, several important lessons can be noted from the Samoa example: the importance of formulating clear objectives before trying to identify indicators, the value of establishing a multi-disciplinary advisory panel, and the necessity of designing an effective and flexible implementation framework for converting indicator results into management action. (L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) [11] According to L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, stakeholders need to consider space and time-specific issues related to tourism development. Local involvement should be from early stages of development that is, planning and decisions making, to implementation. In fact STD needs to be broadening from critical issues currently facing destination. Tourist Area Life Cycle / Application in Grand Baie Mauritius has experienced significant levels of growth in tourism over the last 30 years. As a result, tourism is now the largest economic activity of the island and many coastal resorts have been developed. Although the island has undergone significant changes between the early arrivals of tourists and today, there is a remarkable negligence of research towards these changes. The stages of Butlers Area Life cycle model will thus be reviewed and tested on Grand Baie, to present the life cycle stage of the destination. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The shape of the TALC may vary from one destination to another, however it will depend upon factors such as; rate of development, access, government policy, and market trend. The TALC model is a framework to understand how a destination and its market evolve, through stages of launch, development, maturity and decline. Figure 3: Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model Adapted from (keyser, 2002) According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents attitudes towards tourism. Exploration stage During the early discovery stage of the cycle a small number of unobtrusive visitors arrive seeking unspoiled destinations. These early explorer tourists generally speak the language and identify with the local culture. The social impact in this stage is generally small and resident attitudes are fairly positive towards tourism. Like most products, destinations have a lifecycle. In his 1980 article, Butler proposed a widely-accepted model of the lifecycle of a tourist destination. The basic idea of Butlers 1980 Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. This is the case for Grand Baie which was first known as a fishing village and which economy mainly derived from agriculture (sugar cane). Soon adventurers will get to know about the remoteness and exotic beaches, beryl water and the bay that is deeply sheltered. Visitors and host encounter is high but yet the desire for the destination to remain unchained by tourism prevails. At this stage Grand Baie had limited accessibility to the area and lacked of facilities to cater for more tourists. According to Butler 1980, at the involvement stage, local community has to decide whether they wish to encourage tourism and if so, the type and scale of tourism they prefer. Through word of mouth tourists interest to visit the coastal region increases. The residents of Grand Baie will soon realize the possible potential for economic benefits. The willingness to encourage tourism is shared among locals who will cater for the basic needs of visitors. Much effort is being done to advertise the region and attract more tourists. Such a coastal region as Grand baie will inevitably generates mass tourism, due to its fabulous beaches and local attractiveness. Moreover Grand Baie was cheap destination for visitors due to the foreign exchange currency rate. But unfortunately, the thrill of tourism will make population and stakeholders to neglect some important aspects such as sustainable principles; limits on carrying capacity and elements of predictability. At this stage pressure is placed o n public sector for infrastructure and regulatory bodies. Development stage In the early 80,s Grand Baie will know an increase in tourism growth which will force the destination to the next stage of Development mentioned by Butler in 1980. Grand Baie is well known worldwide and demand for the destination has increased considerably. The fishing village has vanished and is now known to be the Tourist Village. Residents in Grand Baie find themselves limited in terms of knowhow and resources to meet the needs of the visitors. Control shifts from locals to big investors from outside the region and public authority to provide expertise, products and services. Massive investment and development took place and soon Grand Baie became a tourist hub. Tourism impacts are increasing with the emerging tourism activities in the area. Natural areas are cleared away giving place to Hotels namely; the Canonnier, the Royal Palm, the Mauricia and the Verenda. All sorts of beach and sea activities are put forward to give visitors a unique experience. At this stage the changing nature of tourism is altered and the very nature of the resort and quality declined through problems of overused and deterioration of natural and manmade resources. Improper planning for Grand Baie is making development to be detrimental. Contact between tourists and local is high impacting on the lives of those involved in tourism. Locals tend to adjust their way of living to accommodate the changing economic structure. For example, women start working in hotels at odd hours, practice which was long ago seen as taboo. Some of the major influences are the effects of westernization, the eating pattern and gender in the form of employer. The public authority becomes involved through infrastructure provision, road access facilities, improving communication network, educational and leisure facilities. At this critical stage it is highly recommended to undertake analysis on the actual situation, to review action plan and monitoring system to ensure sustainability of tourism in Grand Baie. Actually much effort is placed on implementing policies at a national level, relating to environmental protection in order to comply with international policies, but on the other hand very little is being done in terms of security, destination management at peak seasons, social stability and distribution of wealth. If the day, tourism is undeniable, the nocturnal activity of Grand Baie is full. The nightclubs and bars take over the beaches and natural sites visited in the morning. These popular places with night owls are constantly crowded and joyful atmosphere is palpable at any time until the end of the night, and more specifically, the Banana Cafe, a must in addition to being the biggest club in the Grand Baie Village. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dre_Lee 31 May 2010 Positive Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) The destination grows in popularity Expansion of service and facilities Development of new service and infrastructure Economic growth Employment Better quality of living Negative Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) Decline in local community Natural and built suffers from wear and tear Conflict between local population and tourism Region loose authenticity Loss of Culture, Beliefs, and Values Increase in cost of living Degradation of the Environment Exceeding carrying capacity Prostitution Increase in crime rate Consolidation Stage At Consolidation stage, also known as critical range of elements capacity, tourist number will continue to rise in Grand Baie and the destination becomes dependent on tourism. More promotional and advertising efforts are undertaken in many different ways to maintain existing market and attract new ones. Lots of money is being injected in research and development. There is more pressure on the environment, where tourist number may exceed destination population. The manner resources have been managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle will determine the degree of impact and future of the destination. The tourist-relationship is converted into one of business as the novelty of new visitor arrivals declines. The more culturally sensitive explorers move on to new unspoiled areas and are replaced by the mass market. The local authorities and all stakeholders should, through sustainable tourism planning, consider and anticipate actions in order to mitigate tourism impacts. Stagnation Stage Stagnation is the stage where carrying capacity of many relevant factors is reached. Social, economic and environmental problem arise. Social instability that may lead to riots for instance, local people feeling like strangers in their home community, they realize that they have lost their culture, values and norms and that crime rate has increase to such a point that one does not feel secured anymore. Cost of living being too high makes it practically impossible to have a decent life. Those who are rich become even richer while the poor people become poorer. Land becomes scarce and a rise in demand make for land makes a rise in price. Failing to develop further development due to lack of space (land) for these new tourism developments and products, unemployment rate increases. Local people perception changes and local people no longer show interest in tourism sector and indeed think how to spoil new proposed projects. Decline and/or Rejuvenation stage Decline, the area of Grand Baie will not be able to compete with newer attractions, faces a declining market. Falling profits lead to foreign-owned businesses withdrawing and the community is left to pick up the pieces. Unless resources have been effectively managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle then only Rejuvenation is possible. It is important to deal effectively with demand and supply. Professional should work in close collaboration with local community and keep in mind that the development plan should be developed and implemented at same pace to the progress of the community. The supportive attitude of the locals is the bottom line for the success of tourism development. If issues are not resolved this results in a severe drop in tourist number. That is why stakeholders need to increase marketing and promotional efforts. New market strategies develop in line with the re-structure of the tourism industry. It is also important to educate the local community and create awareness of the tourism activity. Training and development empowers the local people to better serve the industry and benefit from the advantages generated by the tourism sector. Corporate Social Responsibility is a very good attempt to mitigate negative social economic impacts. Residents are more willing to become stakeholder of tourism development when such development is a positive force for environmental conservation and for social/cultural enhancement. Moreover, Environmental Impacts Assessment has to be conducted prior to each development plan for sustainable development. Conclusion Tourism is becoming, more than ever, sensitive to and dependent on a high-quality sustainable environment (Eccles 1995; Ing 1995; Nelson, Butler, and Wells 1993). The authors mean that development plan should seek to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality. Planning should be in respect to the environment for the industry to sustain and keep market competitiveness. Basically approaches to sustainable destination development should look into; formulating development policy and strategies on uniqueness of natural and cultural attraction for the destination, considering physical, biological and psychological carrying capacity, developing alternative forms of tourism that will create linkage with other economic sectors, reviewing national, regional local framework policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time, planners to be concern with all stakeholders in the community, hence, developing a product that sits in harmony with local enviro nment. According to ((L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) Saoma has known a successful and revitalized torism industry due to its effective planning and monitoring system, framework for sustainable tourism development. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product, that is, all destinations is bound to reach some point of stagnation and decline where signs of negative impacts become apparent. Destination will rejuvenate only if sustainable management practices have been considered at early stage of development. Harrison, in his research, notes that Swaziland (in the context of life cycle), underwent rapid growth in the British colonial period but has since decline rapidly due to bad planning. Planners and decision-makers should possess predictable skills to anticipate problems before they happen and take preventive actions rather than curative ones. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1989), sustainable tourism is defined as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. However, (Salah S. Hassan 2000) added that using the bes t planning and development effort, a destination cannot grow or revitalize unless it can provide a high level of health care, safety and security for tourists. Finally, development is ongoing and further research is required to monitor the evolution of any tourist destination and evaluate underlying policies. Some obstacles remain and new ones may be confronted so that the future is not without formidable challenges. For destinations to sustain their competitive advantage